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Maquete de Hiroshima depois do bombardeamento. Journal of English Studies. Nunca esquecerei esse momento. References to or depictions of Odin appear on numerous objects. Ybor, Agio, and their mother Gambara rejected their demands for tribute. A Firsthand Account of the Bombing of Hiroshima.
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Voices from Hiroshima and Nagasaki. She was a beautiful woman with long fair hair. In her examination of the tapestry, scholar Anne Stine Ingstad interprets these birds as Huginn and Muninn flying over a covered cart containing an image of Odin, drawing comparison to the images of Nerthus attested by Tacitus in 1 CE. History of the Kings of Norway. Uppercase and lowercase O in Fraktur.
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Intelligence and National Security. While the name of the tree is not provided in the poem and other trees house in Norse mythology, the tree is near universally accepted as the cosmic tree Yggdrasiland if the tree is Yggdrasil, then tree name Yggdrasil Old Norse 'Ygg's steed' directly relates to this story. Another que to Odin has been in terms of his function and attributes. Erikson on outubro 13, at 1: Portugues, Oswald, Osmund, etc. Hiroshima and its Legacies. The Great Pacific Conflict.
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Woden was equated with Mercury, the god of eloquence among other things. The tales about the Norse god Odin tell how he gave one of his eyes in return for wisdom; he also won the mead of poetic inspiration. Luckily for Christian rune-masters, the Latin word 'os' could be substituted without ruining the sense, to keep the outward form of the rune name without obviously referring to Woden.
In the poem Solomon and Saturn , "Mercurius the Giant" Mercurius se gygand is referred to as an inventor of letters. This may also be a reference to Odin, who is in Norse mythology the founder of the runic alphabets, and the gloss a continuation of the practice of equating Odin with Mercury found as early as Tacitus. The 7th-century Origo Gentis Langobardorum , and Paul the Deacon 's 8th-century Historia Langobardorum derived from it, recount a founding myth of the Langobards Lombards , a Germanic people who ruled a region of the Italian Peninsula.
According to this legend, a "small people" known as the Winnili were ruled by a woman named Gambara who had two sons, Ybor and Agio. The Vandals , ruled by Ambri and Assi , came to the Winnili with their army and demanded that they pay them tribute or prepare for war. Ybor, Agio, and their mother Gambara rejected their demands for tribute. Ambri and Assi then asked the god Godan for victory over the Winnili, to which Godan responded in the longer version in the Origo: Meanwhile, Ybor and Agio called upon Frea, Godan's wife.
Frea counseled them that "at sunrise the Winnil[i] should come, and that their women, with their hair let down around the face in the likeness of a beard should also come with their husbands".
At sunrise, Frea turned Godan's bed around to face east and woke him. Godan saw the Winnili, including their whiskered women, and asked "who are those Long-beards? Godan did so, "so that they should defend themselves according to his counsel and obtain the victory". Thenceforth the Winnili were known as the Langobards 'long-beards'.
Writing in the mid-7th century, Jonas of Bobbio wrote that earlier that century the Irish missionary Columbanus disrupted an offering of beer to Odin vodano " whom others called Mercury " in Swabia. A 10th-century manuscript found in Merseburg , Germany, features a heathen invocation known as the Second Merseburg Incantation , which calls upon Odin and other gods and goddesses from the continental Germanic pantheon to assist in healing a horse:.
In the 11th century, chronicler Adam of Bremen recorded in a scholion of his Gesta Hammaburgensis Ecclesiae Pontificum that a statue of Thor, whom Adam describes as "mightiest", sat enthroned in the Temple at Uppsala located in Gamla Uppsala, Sweden flanked by Wodan Odin and " Fricco ".
Regarding Odin, Adam defines him as "frenzy" Wodan, id est furor and says that he "rules war and gives people strength against the enemy" and that the people of the temple depict him as wearing armour, "as our people depict Mars". In the 12th century, centuries after Norway was "officially" Christianized, Odin was still being invoked by the population, as evidenced by a stick bearing a runic message found among the Bryggen inscriptions, Bergen, Norway.
On the stick, both Thor and Odin are called upon for help; Thor is asked to "receive" the reader, and Odin to "own" them.
Odin is mentioned or appears in most poems of the Poetic Edda , compiled in the 13th century from traditional source material reaching back to the pagan period. The meaning of these gifts has been a matter of scholarly disagreement and translations therefore vary. During this, the first war of the world, Odin flung his spear into the opposing forces of the Vanir.
While the name of the tree is not provided in the poem and other trees exist in Norse mythology, the tree is near universally accepted as the cosmic tree Yggdrasil , and if the tree is Yggdrasil, then the name Yggdrasil Old Norse 'Ygg's steed' directly relates to this story.
Odin is associated with hanging and gallows ; John Lindow comments that "the hanged 'ride' the gallows". On the mountain Sigurd sees a great light, "as if fire were burning, which blazed up to the sky". Sigurd approaches it, and there he sees a skjaldborg a tactical formation of shield wall with a banner flying overhead.
Sigurd enters the skjaldborg , and sees a warrior lying there—asleep and fully armed. Sigurd removes the helmet of the warrior, and sees the face of a woman. The woman's corslet is so tight that it seems to have grown into the woman's body. Sigurd uses his sword Gram to cut the corslet, starting from the neck of the corslet downwards, he continues cutting down her sleeves, and takes the corslet off her.
The woman wakes, sits up, looks at Sigurd, and the two converse in two stanzas of verse. In the second stanza, the woman explains that Odin placed a sleeping spell on her which she could not break, and due to that spell she has been asleep a long time.
Sigurd asks for her name, and the woman gives Sigurd a horn of mead to help him retain her words in his memory. The woman recites a heathen prayer in two stanzas. Odin had promised one of these—Hjalmgunnar—victory in battle, yet she had "brought down" Hjalmgunnar in battle. Odin pricked her with a sleeping-thorn in consequence, told her that she would never again "fight victoriously in battle", and condemned her to marriage. Odin is mentioned throughout the books of the Prose Edda , authored by Snorri Sturluson in the 13th century and drawing from earlier traditional material.
In the Prose Edda book Gylfaginning chapter 38 , the enthroned figure of High Harr , tells Gangleri king Gylfi in disguise that two ravens named Huginn and Muninn sit on Odin's shoulders. The ravens tell Odin everything they see and hear. Odin sends Huginn and Muninn out at dawn, and the birds fly all over the world before returning at dinner-time. As a result, Odin is kept informed of many events. High adds that it is from this association that Odin is referred to as "raven-god".
In the same chapter, the enthroned figure of High explains that Odin gives all of the food on his table to his wolves Geri and Freki and that Odin requires no food, for wine is to him both meat and drink.
Odin is mentioned several times in the sagas that make up Heimskringla. In the Ynglinga saga , the first section of Heimskringla , an euhemerised account of the origin of the gods is provided. It was the custom there that twelve temple priests were ranked highest; they administered sacrifices and held judgements over men.
Odin was a very successful warrior and travelled widely, conquering many lands. Odin was so successful that he never lost a battle. As a result, according to the saga, men came to believe that "it was granted to him" to win all battles. Before Odin sent his men to war or to perform tasks for him, he would place his hands upon their heads and give them a bjannak 'blessing', ultimately from Latin benedictio and the men would believe that they would also prevail.
The men placed all of their faith in Odin, and wherever they called his name they would receive assistance from doing so. Odin was often gone for great spans of time. While Odin was gone, his brothers governed his realm. His brothers began to divvy up Odin's inheritance, "but his wife Frigg they shared between them.
However, afterwards, [Odin] returned and took possession of his wife again". According to the chapter, Odin "made war on the Vanir". The Vanir defended their land and the battle turned to a stalemate, both sides having devastated one another's lands.
As part of a peace agreement, the two sides exchanged hostages. Local folklore and folk practice recognized Odin as late as the 19th century in Scandinavia. In a work published in the midth century, Benjamin Thorpe records that on Gotland , "many traditions and stories of Odin the Old still live in the mouths of the people". Local legend dictates that after it was opened, "there burst forth a wondrous fire, like a flash of lightning", and that a coffin full of flint and a lamp were excavated.
Thorpe additionally relates that legend has it that a priest who dwelt around Troienborg had once sowed some rye, and that when the rye sprang up, so came Odin riding from the hills each evening. Odin was so massive that he towered over the farm-yard buildings, spear in hand. Halting before the entry way, he kept all from entering or leaving all night, which occurred every night until the rye was cut.
Thorpe notes that numerous other traditions existed in Sweden at the time of his writing. Thorpe records that in Sweden, "when a noise, like that of carriages and horses, is heard by night, the people say: References to or depictions of Odin appear on numerous objects. Migration Period 5th and 6th century CE gold bracteates types A, B, and C feature a depiction of a human figure above a horse, holding a spear and flanked by one or more often two birds.
The presence of the birds has led to the iconographic identification of the human figure as the god Odin, flanked by Huginn and Muninn. Like Snorri's Prose Edda description of the ravens, a bird is sometimes depicted at the ear of the human, or at the ear of the horse. Bracteates have been found in Denmark, Sweden, Norway and, in smaller numbers, England and areas south of Denmark. Vendel Period helmet plates from the 6th or 7th century found in a grave in Sweden depict a helmeted figure holding a spear and a shield while riding a horse, flanked by two birds.
The plate has been interpreted as Odin accompanied by two birds; his ravens. Two of the 8th century picture stones from the island of Gotland, Sweden depict eight-legged horses, which are thought by most scholars to depict Sleipnir: Both stones feature a rider sitting atop an eight-legged horse, which some scholars view as Odin.
The scene has been interpreted as a rider arriving at the world of the dead. The back of each bird features a mask-motif, and the feet of the birds are shaped like the heads of animals. The feathers of the birds are also composed of animal-heads. Together, the animal-heads on the feathers form a mask on the back of the bird. The birds have powerful beaks and fan-shaped tails, indicating that they are ravens. The brooches were intended to be worn on each shoulder, after Germanic Iron Age fashion.
Petersen notes that "raven-shaped ornaments worn as a pair, after the fashion of the day, one on each shoulder, makes one's thoughts turn towards Odin's ravens and the cult of Odin in the Germanic Iron Age. The Oseberg tapestry fragments , discovered within the Viking Age Oseberg ship burial in Norway, features a scene containing two black birds hovering over a horse, possibly originally leading a wagon as a part of a procession of horse-led wagons on the tapestry.
In her examination of the tapestry, scholar Anne Stine Ingstad interprets these birds as Huginn and Muninn flying over a covered cart containing an image of Odin, drawing comparison to the images of Nerthus attested by Tacitus in 1 CE. Excavations in Ribe , Denmark have recovered a Viking Age lead metal-caster's mould and 11 identical casting-moulds. These objects depict a moustached man wearing a helmet that features two head-ornaments.
Archaeologist Stig Jensen proposes these head-ornaments should be interpreted as Huginn and Muninn, and the wearer as Odin.
He notes that "similar depictions occur everywhere the Vikings went—from eastern England to Russia and naturally also in the rest of Scandinavia. A portion of Thorwald's Cross a partly surviving runestone erected at Kirk Andreas on the Isle of Man depicts a bearded human holding a spear downward at a wolf, his right foot in its mouth, and a large bird on his shoulder.
In November , the Roskilde Museum announced the discovery and subsequent display of a niello -inlaid silver figurine found in Lejre , which they dubbed Odin from Lejre.
The silver object depicts a person sitting on a throne. The throne features the heads of animals and is flanked by two birds. Various interpretations have been offered for a symbol that appears on various archaeological finds known modernly as the valknut. Due to the context of its placement on some objects, some scholars have interpreted this symbol as referring to Odin.
For example, Hilda Ellis Davidson theorises a connection between the valknut, the god Odin and "mental binds":. For instance, beside the figure of Odin on his horse shown on several memorial stones there is a kind of knot depicted, called the valknut , related to the triskele. This is thought to symbolize the power of the god to bind and unbind, mentioned in the poems and elsewhere. Odin had the power to lay bonds upon the mind, so that men became helpless in battle, and he could also loosen the tensions of fear and strain by his gifts of battle-madness, intoxication, and inspiration.
Davidson says that similar symbols are found beside figures of wolves and ravens on "certain cremation urns" from Anglo-Saxon cemeteries in East Anglia.
According to Davidson, Odin's connection to cremation is known, and it does not seem unreasonable to connect with Odin in Anglo-Saxon England. Additionally, Davidson proposes further connections between Odin's role as bringer of ecstasy by way of the etymology of the god's name. Beginning with Henry Petersen's doctoral dissertation in , which proposed that Thor was the indigenous god of Scandinavian farmers and Odin a later god proper to chieftains and poets, many scholars of Norse mythology in the past viewed Odin as having been imported from elsewhere.
Salin proposed that both Odin and the runes were introduced from Southeastern Europe in the Iron Age. Other scholars placed his introduction at different times; Axel Olrik , during the Migration Age as a result of Gaulish influence.
In the 16th century and by the entire Vasa dynasty , Odin as Oden was officially considered the first King of Sweden by that country's government and historians. Proposed in as part of the new Latvian spelling by the scientific commission headed by K. Prior to that, Latvian had been written in German Fraktur , and sporadically in Cyrillic.
In more recent borrowings, it represents the original sound of the word, i. Used instead of a when the possessor has no control over the relationship inalienable possession. From earlier lo , la , from Latin illum , illam the initial l having disappeared; compare Spanish lo and la. For usage examples of this term, see Citations: Inserted before the relevant pronoun. Only for possessions like hands or parents that do not have the ability to no longer be yours; otherwise, use a.
See o- , ob-. O is used predominantly in the north of Wales, while e is used in the south. Fe and fo are variants of e and o respectively. Definition from Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Variations of "o" and O. Wikipedia has an article on: Close-mid back rounded vowel. Capital and lowercase versions of O , in normal and italic type. Uppercase and lowercase O in Fraktur. It is currently two- o -five in the afternoon 2: The first permanent English settlement in America was in Jamestown in sixteen- o -seven English letter names are called as in English, no other standard Mandarin name exists Esperanto: Declension of Azeri personal pronouns.
The Valverde locality, the biggest, borders Portugal, more precisely with two distinct departments, which were Beira Alta with Guarda as its capital, and Beira Baixa with Castelo Branco as its capital. Terms derived from o. This entry lacks etymological information. If you are familiar with the origin of this term, please add it to the page per etymology instructions. You can also discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.
II O tempora, o mores! Senatus haec intellegit, consul videt; hic tamen vivit. Shame on the age and on its principles! The senate is aware of these things; the consul sees them; and yet this man lives. Latvian Wikipedia has an article on: This entry needs audio files.
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