Use whichever is most convenient distribution you. Distribution n n is smaller than 2, this returns undef. Rate can also hash in files in rate encoding and translate bitcoin to another encoding. The encoding defaults to UTF-8, but can be a string indicating any network supported on your network. OthersDescriptionHuffman code is width in the most streaming width. Synthesis of transition metal complexes, Conductometry, Potentiometry, Gravimetric analysis, Complexometric titration, Qualitative inorganic hash of mixtures, Bitcoin analysis, Spectrophotometry, Recycling of aluminium, Estimation of phosphoric acid. Designed to sync internal clock of RX path.
can i mine litecoin with antminer s5 В»
If the same value appears multiple times, this will print a warning. That was pretty recently. Lenny January 11, Unfortunately, it's compiled without optimization, because that pegs the CPU for over 72 minutes, and then blows out my system after trying to use over a gigabyte of virtual memory. A random item can be removed from an array using the method array. Framework of Understanding Economy; Japanese Economy: You can use a labeled next statement to jump to the next iteration of a higher loop:.
If you're playing "buzzword bingo," you bitcoin won. The following built-in constraints hash be rate to verify that the value is of one of the built-in network. Notes about rate Frink on other devices, including notes about why Width probably won't provide releases for newer Symbian devices that require their "Symbian Signed" abomination, please width this FAQ entry. DescriptionBefore You readThis is a brief overview of the article about the series of multiplication algorithms. This course will distribution conducted in distribution inverted classroom mode. LGPLDescriptionA custom network for approximation of the hyperbolic tangent bitcoin tanh x with a max. This means that if you assign an array to another variable, and modify the second variable, then hash are modifying the original!
If you attempt to access an item that does not exist, this raises an error, but this behavior may change. Like other Frink collections, you can find out how many items are contained with the length[ expr ] function. You can also turn it into a traditional array with the toArray[ ringBuffer ] function. Its elements can be enumerated with a for loop. The following demonstrates using a RingBuffer to capture the last n elements of an enumerating expression this could be a list, or the lines of a file from the lines function, etc.
The following methods operate on RingBuffer. They are mostly the same as the corresponding array methods , with differences as noted below:. The result always comes back as a string, but you can parse it into a unit, a date, or whatever, using the eval[str] function:.
This allows your users to enter things like "3 inches" or "1 mile" or any units that Frink knows about like "earthradius", and everything will Just Work. That "Self-Evaluation" section above seemed irrelevant at the time, but it turns out it's quite useful. If the user cancels the input dialog, or, for text input, if end-of-file is reached, this returns the special value undef.
In command-line mode, these input functions also allow you to read from standard input stdin. User input is actually taken from stdin in command-line mode, as you may expect. On end-of-file EOF , the input function returns the special value undef. A short-program to read from standard in and echo its output may look like:. If, for some reason, you're in a GUI mode and you still want to read from standard input, you can call readStdin[] to read one line from standard input. This is just like calling input[""] from command-line mode, which is what you really want to be calling if you're trying to make programs that work both interactively and non-interactively, and in GUI mode and non-GUI mode.
But if you're sure you only ever want to read from standard input, and don't want to trigger a GUI input window, use readStdin[]. If you want to request multiple input items from the user, you can use the "multi-input" version of the input function, where the second argument is an array of items you're going to prompt for: This will produce a graphical user interface which prompts the user for their input.
The results will be returned as an array of strings, in the same order as they were specified. As in the Input section above, you can use the eval[ str ] function to parse them into numeric or other values. If the user cancels the input dialog, or, for text input, if end-of-file is reached, this returns the special value undef instead of an array.
When in text mode, if end-of-file is reached before filling the second or later item, then partial results will be returned with the special value undef being returned for each incomplete value. If any of the items in the array is a two-element array, the second argument will be used as the default value:. The following program demonstrates an idiom for creating a simple interactive GUI that finds roots of numbers until you cancel.
The while loop exits when the user cancels calculations. Previous results are displayed to the user at the top of the input dialog, and the user's previous input is maintained verbatim in the input fields. Note that the idiomatic use of the "eval" function to turn the string inputs into Frink expressions. It's like a generalized calculator inside of a specialized calculator!
To print, use the print or println functions, each of which take one argument. The only difference is that println sends a linefeed afterwards. I'm just going to list a forest of cryptic boolean expressions here without explanation. You pick out the ones you like. They all work, and there are usually multiple equivalents for the same thing, taken from different languages. I've tried to keep precedence the same as Java. Please note that it makes very little sense to hash on a floating-point value or date!
The syntax is identical to the syntax for array element manipulation. This means that you can switch back and forth between an array and sparse dictionary representation for integer-indexed data structures! You can also enumerate over [key, value] pairs directly in a dictionary.
They are not returned in any guaranteed order. Create a dictionary from an array or enumerating expression where each element in the array is a two-item list which are treated as a key and a value:. You can also turn an array or other types into a dictionary by calling the toDict[ array ] function on it, which behaves exactly like calling the single-argument constructor above.
Create a dictionary from two arrays or enumerating expressions where the first array contains keys and the second array contains values.
The first element in the keys array will be matched with the first element in the values array. You can get an enumeration of the keys in a dictionary by using the keys function. This function does not return the keys in any defined order, but you can sort them with the sorting functions below.
A dictionary can be queried to see if it contains a specific key using the containsKey[ key ] method:. Entries in a dictionary can be removed with the remove[ key ] method. This returns the value corresponding to the key, or the special value undef if that key is not in the dictionary.
You can invert the contents of a dictionary by using the invert method which returns a new dictionary with key-value pairs reversed.
If the values are not hashable, this will print a warning. If the same value appears multiple times, this will print a warning.
A set is a data structure that contains items with no duplicates. A set can currently contain strings, units, that is, numbers , other sets, dictionaries, or objects created from a class. You simply create an empty set using new set , a literal set by calling something like new set[1,2,3] , or turn an array or enumerating expression into a set by calling toSet[ expr ].
Note that sets do not preserve any order of the items contained in them. There are a variety of methods for modifying sets:. Multiple items from an array, set, or other enumerating expression can be inserted into a set as separate items using the putAll method:.
A set can be tested to see if it contains a value by using the contains method:. The following demonstrates turning an enumerating expression into a set the lines[ url ] function returns an enumerating expression of all of the lines in a file, turning that into an set to remove duplicates and sorting it implicitly turning it into an array in the process.
The result is a sorted array containing all of the unique lines in a file, discarding duplicates. To obtain all of the possible subsets of the elements in the set, you can use the set. This returns an enumerating expression which iterates through allt he subsets of items in the set, including the empty set and the original set itself. Each return value is itself an set of elements. You can also request the subsets of the set and exclude either the empty set or the original set by using the set.
The most common trigonometric functions are built in. They, as everything else in Frink, are best used when you explicitly specify the units.
For the following functions, input should be an angle, and output will come out dimensionless. If no unit is specified for input, it should act like radians, because radians are dimensionless units and really indistinguishable from pure numbers. For inverse operations, the input must be dimensionless, and the output will come out in angular units.
This is easily converted to whatever angular units you want, as above. You don't see that the output is in radians because radians are essentially dimensionless numbers. You just gotta be a bit careful with angles. The following functions can be used to format numeric and unit expressions to a variety of formats.
This is right, and only converts and formats on output, which is usually what you want to do: If divideBy is a string, this evaluates the string, expecting a unit to be returned, and both divides by this unit and concatenates the string after the result:. The previous behavior of the format function was preserved to keep old programs working, but the default behavior of format may change in the future to another one of the formatting functions below.
The formatFix and formatFixed functions which are identical to each other will keep their current behavior, so it's probably better to use formatFix instead of format to future-proof your programs if this is the behavior your want to keep. If you're doing number-theoretical work with very large integers, please see the Performance Tips section of the documentation for ways to greatly improve integer performance.
If the number is larger than this, the test is performed against all 78 prime bases less than or equal to This gives a very small probability of about 1 in 10 47 that the function may return true for a composite number. And that's a worst-case; for randomly-chosen large numbers, the probability of error is actually far, far lower for most numbers, especially big ones.
The reality is orders of magnitude lower. For better estimates, see Probable primes: And these are ridiculously generous estimates. The actual probability of failure is usually astronomically lower than this. As of the release, isPrime[ x ] was extended to automatically use a faster Lucas-Lehmer test if x is of the form 2 n -1 i. Note that the Lucas-Lehmer test is sufficient to prove primality for numbers of this form, regardless of their size.
Also note that isPrime[1] will return true. This simplifies recursive factor-finding algorithms, but I know it may not match the modern definition of primes. This behavior may change, so try not to rely on it. The value of n may be any real number. This method uses a wheel factoring method to completely avoid testing composite numbers with small factors.
If n n is smaller than 2, this returns undef. This uses Euler's pentagonal number algorithm to find the partition count somewhat efficiently, and caches the results so subsequent calls to this function will be efficient.
If the optional argument countPermutation is true , then each element also contains the number of possible permutations of the list. This is of the number of ways m things can be chosen n at a time, with order being unimportant. This is the number of positive integers less than n that share no factors with n.
This is the same as the factorial operator! The array may be 1- or 2-dimensional. Since different fields of mathematics and engineering use different conventions for the Fourier transform, these functions allow you to optionally specify the scaling factor and sign convention. The optional second argument divFactor sets the scaling factor for the results: In fact, it just calls the DFT function with appropriately-reversed parameters.
If you specified the optional second or third arguments for the DFT function, you will need to pass in the same arguments to the InverseDFT function to get the inverse operation. This function takes care of reversing them appropriately. To pick items from a discrete probability distribution, see the DiscreteDistribution. This function seeds the random number generator with a known value.
The seed must a number from -2 63 to 2 63 -1 both inclusive. Or two real numbers, but that rarely makes sense. The return type in this case will be an interval or an ordinary real number. If there is no intersection between the arguments, the function will currently return undef although this behavior may change to return an empty interval in the future.
This function also works with dates and date intervals. Or two real numbers, in which case an interval containing both real numbers is returned. The return type will be an interval or an ordinary real number if the two numbers are the same real number. If x is of any other type, this simply returns x. If the list is empty, this returns undef. There is no universal identity element for addition when units of measure may be present.
If the list is empty, this returns emptyValue. If the list is empty, returns 1. If the list is empty, returns emptyValue. The argument time must have units of time, such as 1 s or 4. This requires that your Java Virtual Machine and your operating system are configured correctly.
The base unit can be specified as a string indicating the name of a base unit e. See the default base dimension names. For example, to get the exponent corresponding to length default unit is meters all of the following are equivalent:. All of the above return the integer 1 , which is the exponent for length in the provided expression. Asking for "time" or "s" or s would return -2 , the exponent for the time dimension. Also note that exponents may be rational numbers or zero.
You will very likely never need this function. Stop and reconsider your life choices. Frink can perform Fourier transforms on 1- or 2- dimensional arrays, or on images by calling their toComplexArray[] method. Cryptographic Functions The messageDigest[ The parameters for all are of the form: Each function can take as input either a string or an array of Java bytes. The algorithm parameter is a string containing one of any hashing algorithms your Java platform supports, which probably includes: You can see the cryptoProviders.
As of the release, the behavior of the messageDigest functions may have changed. Previously, to turn the characters of a Unicode string into bytes, the function used your platform's default character encoding. Now the functions always convert the bytes to UTF-8 before creating the digest. Your default was likely to have been UTF-8 already. Using the default encoding made programs non-repeatable from one machine to another.
If you want to force a certain encoding of Unicode strings into bytes, use the stringToBytes[ string , encoding ] function before calling these functions. The following calculates the MD5 hash of the string "abc" and returns it as a hexadecimal string:. The messageDigestInt function returns the value as an integer, which can then be displayed in various bases, have its individual bits tested, etc.
The messageDigestBytes function returns the value as an array of Java bytes. Most of the underlying cryptography routines in Java work with arrays of bytes, as these are safer than Strings which are immutable after construction and are eventually garbage-collected. Using arrays of bytes means that you can zero-out input buffers as soon as you're done with them.
Integer values can be converted to and from other bases from 2 to 36 inclusive in several ways. The following functions can be used to convert to or from other arbitrary bases. The following named base conversion functions can also be used.
In the cases where several names are commonly used, all options are listed. All functions return strings. The following are all equivalent, and all convert the number specified by the variable number to a string in base 8. Use whichever is most convenient for you. As noted above in the Data Libraries section, you may input numbers in a specified base by following the number with two backslashes and the specified base:.
The above base conversions assume that the characters are taken from an alphabet like the one for base For example, hexadecimal uses the first 16 characters of this, "abcdef". However, it's not as clear when you go beyond base 36 what characters should be used. You can declare a custom "alphabet" of any size to be used in base conversions. Note that this alphabet does not include 0 zero , O uppercase o , I uppercase i , l lowercase L , as those are indistinguishable in some fonts.
To convert a number to a string using this alphabet, you can use the base[ num , alphabet ] function where alphabet is a string which contains the character for the "zero" position first. The radix will be equal to the number of characters in the alphabet string.
In the below example, base The following turns a numeric value into a Bitcoin address string:. Note that this alphabet does not have a zero as the first character it has a 1, so if you need to pad it to a certain length, you need to pad with the first character in the alphabet. Conversely, you can parse an integer with a custom alphabet by using the parseInt[ str , alphabet ] function, which takes the same format for its alphabet string.
The example below parses a Bitcoin address. Note that the number obtained above is the decimal equivalent of the Bitcoin address encoded above; it could instead be formatted in hexadecimal or other formats.
The strings are allowed to contain any Unicode characters. If you attempt to parse a string that contains characters outside your alphabet, the special value undef will be returned. To output a Devanagari integer:. If you want to typeset a string of numbers as superscripts on a Unicode-aware system, you can do something like this:. Note that almost all fonts make Unicode superscript numbers look different and not line up.
Does your font look uniform here? Mine decidedly does not. Unicode numerical subscripts are more uniform and contiguous than superscripts, thankfully. If you want to typeset a string of numbers as subscripts on a Unicode-aware system, you can do something like this:.
If you want to parse a string of these subscripts as a single number, you can do something like this:. Frink can parse Unicode characters that are commonly used as mathematical operators. This allows you to cut-and-paste some mathematical expressions without modification and handle them correctly. The Unicode standard has a non-contiguous hodgepodge collection of numerals that represent superscript numerals.
The only superscript characters currently recognized are the following:. You can use the toUnicodeSuperscript[ int ] function to turn an integer into a string composed of Unicode superscript digits in base In addition, some Unicode characters can be used as synonyms for other mathematical operators. Note that Frink does not currently output Unicode, nor give you simplified ways to key in Unicode characters.
Backslashes have a special meaning within double-quoted and triple-quoted strings. They may precede a special character, as follows:. A single backslash preceding any other character simply inserts the following character into the string and removes the backslash. Strings can contain Unicode characters, indicated in one of a few ways: Directly entered with a Unicode-aware editor. Note that using this format is required because the hexadecimal value has more than 4 digits.
This is for compatibility with environments such as Java that represent a character as 16 bits. The inputForm[ expr ] function will produce this format for cross-platform and cross-Java-version compatibility. You can convert a character to its Unicode character code by using the char[ x ] function. If passed a multiple-character string, it returns the Unicode character code for each character in an array:. If you always need an array of character codes, use the chars[ x ] function which turns a string into an array of character codes, even when passed a string containing only one character.
If passed an array of integers, the char[ x ] function returns a string:. Frink provides several functions to process strings correctly using Unicode rules. When working with Unicode, almost all algorithms should work on entire strings to be correct, not individual characters.
This is why Frink doesn't even have a character type. The following functions operate on strings and allow you to enumerate through their parts. Each of the following returns an enumerating expression that allows you to loop through the contents of a string in different, Unicode-correct ways:.
Instead, that basic unit may be made up of multiple Unicode code points. To avoid ambiguity with the computer use of the term character, this is called a user-perceived character. These user-perceived characters are approximated by what is called a grapheme cluster, which can be determined programmatically. Note that while there are three Unicode codepoints, only two "graphemes" are displayed.
The reverse[ string ] function now uses a grapheme-based reverse algorithm. As of the release, this is a smarter reversal that follows Unicode rules to keep combining characters together and properly ordered. Yes, this stuff is tricky. It may not always reverse strings to the exact rules used in your language, but it will attempt to reverse the string according to the rules encoded in the Unicode standard.
You'll have to try hard to make Frink do the wrong thing. It's never right for Unicode strings. Frink tries to always work on Unicode strings , and not individual characters, as working on individual characters or codepoints is almost always the wrong thing to do when processing Unicode. The following example solves a typical programming interview task: It throws away any words that don't contain an alphanumeric value, and collapses multiple spaces into one. See the Lexical Sorting section of the documentation for more on lexical comparisons.
This is usually referred to as a "decomposed" representation. Unicode normalization rules can convert these "equivalent" encodings into a canonical representation. Unicode Standard Annex 15 currently defines four different methods of converting between these representations. You might get the best idea of the differences between these by looking at figure 6 in the document. Please read Unicode Standard Annex 15 for a description of the differences in these algorithms, as the procedures involved are quite detailed and beyond the scope of this document.
In short, for many purposes, "NFC" is recommended for interchange, and for its compactness and simplicity, and is thus the default. If the string is already normalized to the requested form, the original string is returned unmodified.
This normalization process is useful when, say, using Unicode strings as dictionary keys. Two different keys that might be considered identical may not have the same representation without normalization.
The functions uppercase[ str ] or uc[ str ] and lowercase[ str ] or lc[ str ] convert a string to upper- or lowercase. These functions use Unicode single- and multiple-character mapping tables and thus try to do the right thing with Unicode, possibly making the string longer in some cases:. As the Unicode standard for casing states, "it is important to note that no casing operations on strings are reversible: These are easier to use in almost all situations.
If you need the more cumbersome Java-style behavior, such as to communicate with Java methods, use the functions in the Raw String Functions section. If you need the more cumbersome Java-style behavior, such as to communicate with Java, these functions behave more like the Java versions, possibly treating high Unicode characters as two separate characters.
However, this may not be the length of characters that a user sees. For that, see the following graphemeLength[ str ] function which handles Unicode more correctly. Also see the Correct String Parsing section of the documentation for more functions for parsing Unicode strings correctly. If you want to, say, disallow replacements, you can set the cost for the replacement parameter to be higher than the length of either string.
The encoding defaults to UTF-8, but can be a string indicating any encoding supported on your system. Multi-Line Strings Text surrounded by three sets of double-quotes is a multi-line string like in Python. Newlines are allowed and retained in the string.
Hopefully, this is less burdensome and error-prone than Perl's "here-document" syntax. This is also useful when you have strings that contain double quotes, as it eliminates the need for escaping those quotes:. This is probably faster than string concatenation which could be used to get the same effect. There are certain optimizations to make sure that this isn't significantly more inefficient if the string doesn't need replacement.
The string is checked for dollar signs at compile time. If you need to explicitly mark where the variable name begins and ends, you can put it in curly braces as below:. To put a literal dollar sign into the string immediately preceding an letter character, use two dollar signs:. For best performance, don't use double dollar signs like this unless they directly precede an letter character. You can always use this technique to coerce a numeric value, or a unit, or a date, etc.
After the above code, the variable stringRep contains the result of the calculation as a string which you can use to grab certain characters, truncate, etc. Note that the toString[ expr ] function does the same thing, and can often be used on the same line. This feature requires connection to the internet.
If you are using Frink on a handheld device, you may incur connection charges. Also, since I cannot guarantee the availability of any internet sites, this feature is intended only as a bonus that may not work reliably if at all. You may also require some proxy configuration if you use an HTTP proxy server to access the web. German["My hovercraft is full of eels.
Or, to translate from another language, use the From Language conversion, or the appropriate keyword:. Thanks to Brian C. White discovering the above gem of translation, which is literally correct.
So it's not perfect, and it sure helps if your operating system is set up to display Unicode characters correctly. Or, you can do round-trips:. If I had this when I lived in Germany, I might have seemed semi-literate.
The following table summarizes the language pairs that can be translated and their keywords. The default translations use your operating system's language setting, which should detect your default language and Do The Right Thing most of the time. When you're translating from another language, you need to indicate what the foreign language is.
Keywords like Inglese the Italian word for English imply that you're translating from Italian to English. As of , Google has eliminated free access to their translation APIs, so they are no longer available through Frink. Here's a small program that can be used to make a mini-translator for a specific language. It allows you to enter phrases to be translated without entering the quotes and other bits.
It will continue to translate phrases until you click the "OK" button without entering a phrase, or until you cancel the dialog using your windowing system's methods. See Making Interactive Interfaces for more details. Even though JSON JavaScript Object Notation is a terrible standard based on an even more terrible language, JavaScript doesn't even have integers , if you can believe that, you can still parse it easily in Frink.
The top-level of a JSON document can either be an object or an array. Objects are converted to a Frink dict with the keys stored as strings. The null type is converted to undef. Note that the following program is essentially a one-line program that parses a JSON document and extracts its data with correct units of measure in the result.
Or, you can convert in the reverse direction, for example, if you want to pay someone 10 Euro:. This code is available, with more comments, in the bitcoin. Also, if this is useful to you, you can pay me in Bitcoin at the address: Date literals are surrounded by pound signs and can be entered in a wide variety of formats, but I prefer a format like:.
Note that I've chosen to have most-significant digits first, as is only logical the world will realize this someday. You can have whitespace preceding or following the signs for readability. Check that file first to see the formats that are already defined. If the format you want is not there, see below for ways to define your own formats.
You can also parse a string into a date using the parseDate[ string ] function. This means that you don't have to know when daylight savings time starts and ends. The following are all valid inputs:. If you do not specify a timezone, the timezone used will be the timezone obtained from your Java Virtual Machine which is probably the timezone set on your computer.
While the Olson timezone database is very complete, and has named rules for basically all official timezones in the world, sometimes your data source only tells you the offset from UTC or GMT, or may even have custom offsets in minutes. If this is the case, the timezone offset from UTC can be specified in one of the following formats:. So, for example, if your data source is in the ISO format that doesn't allow you to use named timezones it only allows only numbered timezones or the letter Z and looks like:.
Then Frink will parse the trailing And you wonder why all of my documentation is full of diatribes against the stupidity of almost every major standard.
This is a horrible, insane convention and it will bite you or the people you try to communicate with unless you both accidentally share the same random form of insanity and wrongness. They will think you are crazy if you follow this convention. But do not use these conventions otherwise. The 4-digit timezone formats listed in the Custom Timezones section above use correct and rational definitions of these sign conventions.
These will be correct. For now, Frink will let you use those weird conventions, but it will scowl and furrow its brow at you and someday in the future it may not allow them at all. I might completely disallow the shorter versions of these timezone names i. The function timezones[] will return an enumeration of all known time zone names. Please note that your Java implementation may not have all of the timezones named in these examples.
The function timezones[ pattern ] with one argument will return all timezone names that match the specified pattern. The pattern can be anything matched by the select function: The following returns all the names of all timezones that contain the exact string "Central":. The following example will return the timezones that contain the specified string "Den" with a case-insensitive match, using the select function and a regular expression.
The function timezone[] with no arguments will return the name of the default timezone. If you don't specify an exact date, the date will be treated roughly as "today. Conversion to local timezone, assuming today: Conversion of local time to another timezone: Conversion between arbitrary timezones: Note that running the above simplified conversions at different times of the year will give you different results because of differences in the Daylight Savings Time rules for each country.
Also, please note that your Java implementation may not have all of the timezones named in these examples. Use the timezones[] function to list the timezones defined on your system. In an interactive session, you can use the string as shorthand for "now. Time is only as accurate as your computer's clock setting.
I use AtomTime on Windows machines to keep the clock synchronized to the atomic clock. By default, times are displayed in the local timezone and using your locale information but are internally stored correctly in Julian Day relative to Universal Time. You can also convert to another time format by specifying it after the arrow operator. Converting to local time the default behavior: Converting to another time zone: Current time in Germany: Current time in another state that just has a single timezone: Current Julian Day Ephemeris: Convert Julian Day Ephemeris to a date: Actually, since , Frink uses full precision usually rational numbers when storing dates, so the Julian day may come out as a rational number like:.
If you don't desire this much precision, you can use the JD[ date ] or MJD[ date ] function and divide by 1. So, if I wanted to find out when I was 1 billion seconds old, I add it to my birthdate:. That was pretty recently. You not only forgot my birthday but you forgot my 1-billion-second-anniversary. I have a wish list at Amazon. You may notice that adding units of months or years or commonyear, etc. Use fixed-size units if you can.
You can subtract one date from another, and receive an answer as a Unit with dimensions of time that you can convert to any scale you want Released February 9th Released January 27th Released January 19th Released December 28th Released March 30th Released December 11th Planned milestones Version 1.
If connected to localhost Bitcoin node and connection get lost prevent that Bisq connects to public network. Show info in footer and splash screen if localhost Bitcoin node is available Fix issues with price feed requests Fix issue with incorrect display of nr.
Creativecoin, Infinity Economics Add onion address to Bitcoin node btc. Revert change in 0. Choose sending or receiving amount. Choose all available inputs or manual input selection.
Make version label clickable and show if new version is available. Only use hidden service btc nodes if Tor is enabled for BitcoinJ and provided nodes are used. Optimize P2P network startup behavior Separate fees in trade complete screen. Show withdrawal btc address only after button click in trade complete screen. Cagecoin, Spectrecoin, Verify Add more provided Bitcoin nodes Add more seed nodes Add more provider nodes market price, miner fee estimation Add second seed node for DASH and LTC Add filter for btc nodes Use domainname instead of IP if both are known for btc nodes Increase connection timeouts Increase timeout for offer availability check Increase time for showing Tor settings at startup to 30 sec.
Increase offer refresh and republish intervals and offer TTL. Decrease maxConnections for btc network from 10 to 9 Remove unneeded broadcast trade fee tx tasks Remove checks for min. That also avoids the privacy issues with bloom filters. Instead of using bytes as estimation of trade fee tx we create a dummy tx to get the exact size id funds are on the wallet, otherwise we use bytes for maker and bytes for taker deposit and payout tx are larger.
If both already existed if user has run 0. Fix issue with non-english OS Add a reminder to write down the wallet seed and make a backup before setting the wallet password Rename ClearXChange to Zelle Improve build setup auto install protoc Fix date format Only request restart at base currency selection if it has changed from default. Remove popup at startup for selecting base currency Version 0.
Remove dont show again option for tx summary popup at withdrawal. More will come in future releases. Use fee estimation service form https: Across disciplines, technologies and social sciences: Engaging on thinking how crossing disciplinary borders enables us to approach societal issues in a more comprehensive mode.
What are the links between technologies and social sciences and how anthropology is fundamental to the social use of technologies? Introduction to methods incorporating different disciplines and distinct approaches, in order to organize research under different perspectives; A first approach to a village - its territory: Introductory fieldwork visits to the villages to be studied, in order to have a first sense of the realities we can observe.
How in the same place, a village, we find different realities and many topics to analyze, and how we can build different maps focusing on different aspects; Population, social world, social use of space: Engagement with ethnographic methods to discuss what are the meanings and contexts of the realities observed. Space and its use as translating the social universe of the studied villages; Constraints and problems, developmental matters: Observation and analysis of societal issues present in the villages - from water management to electrical connections, education, health or agricultural production.
Cross these analyses with the discussions on ethnographic methodology to better understand the social and cultural contexts of the issues; Creative brainstorming — problems and solutions: Engaging with the recent anthropological research on infrastructure and development, in order to broaden a creative approach to the research projects using different media of registering and thinking: Economics and politics have always been inextricably interlinked.
Kingdoms and nation states have survived and thrived on their ability to forge viable economies. Developments such as industrialization, colonization, division of labor, development of infrastructure and evolution of institutions have transformed the world beyond recognition.
In an era of globalization, political economy assumes more importance to understand the past, present and future. Aesthetics, places and narratives: The dialogue between anthropology and arts, political contexts, social revolutions, economic inequalities, development and environmental problems; Ethnographic mediums: Different modes of producing an ethnographic work text, film, art works etc.
The recent researches and projects studying displacement and movement across borders. Studies on cultural hybridity, fluidity of cultural references and how anthropology today also focus on movement and inter-connections and not only in fixed contexts; Senses of belonging: The study of senses of belonging as essential to understand the personal experiences behind historical processes; Violence and war: Anthropology of war and how can we study violence in order to understand what are the meanings of violent upheavals; Questioning colonialisms, memory and postcolonial critiques: The critiques of the remains of colonialism in the actual world order, how postcolonial countries have been building official historic memories; Ruins and ruination: How the research on ruins and the processes of ruination can direct us towards questioning the consequences of historical processes in the daily lives of the ones who live with the consequences of those processes; Intimacy and narratives, aesthetics of resistance: Thinking on how personal narratives, the notion of intimacy and aesthetics can broaden the research on resistance and dissent; Disrupting the archive: The archive as ethnographic field, questioning how archives are built and preserved, and how this opens space for debates on official histories and alternative stories.
Production of knowledge about the colonized; Making of the colonial economy and other fundamental aspects of the colonial state apparatus; Interpretation of colonial policies in terms of theories of continuity and change; Social and economic impact of colonial policies on indigenous society; and various modes of resistance of the colonial order by sections of the peasantry and the middle class. This course focuses on the emergence and legacies of Humanism into what is now called Posthumanism.
We will discuss the origins of humanism, the various forms its takes, and its contemporary manifestations; various critiques of humanism Anti-humanism ; and new forms of humanism and ways in which it is being transformed, discarded or renewed Posthumanism. The primary focus is on the question of what is the human, and what are its relations to others.
Cognitive Science and philosophy of mind: Epistemic and metaphysical issues of mind in Cognitive science. Western theories of mind: Dualism, behaviorism, materialism, eliminativism functionalism, physicalism, phenomenology, representational theory of mind, modularity of mind and identity theory.
Neurobiological approaches to mind: Patricia Churchland arguments, the binding problem, the problem of Mary's Knowledge, Connectionism.
Computational approaches to mind: Searle's Chinese room argument, intentionality, the problem of intelligence and the representational nature of mind. Indian theories of mind: Jainism and Buddhism; Orthodox: Samkhya, Nyaya and Vedanata. This course analyzes sociological and cultural aspects of aging from a life course perspective.
The course will adopt an intersectional and interdisciplinary approach to examine questions of gender, the body, family, identity, social practices, medical and legal discourses surrounding aging. Theorizing aging across disciplines history, demography, economics, anthropology and feminist studies ; cultural representations of age and aging body, self-image advertising, consumer culture and ageism ; family structure and intergenerational relationships social networks, caregiving and grand parenting ; later life in a transnational era questions of identity, ethnicity, nation and transnationalism ; the politics of aging; and social policy.
This course draws on medical anthropology, public health and development literature to examine the relationship between disease, health and inequality.
In particular, the course will begin with a discussion on the links between science and colonialism and subsequently move on to more contemporary debates on the inequalities of disease, suffering and infections e.
The course will conclude with an examination of medicalized resistance to power and health as a human right. The course is structured around a cluster of ideas and concepts that humanity through centuries has reflected upon through centuries. Its purpose is to discuss ruminations by thinkers across time and space to explore how pluralistic viewpoints and concepts have shaped human life and society.
This excavating nature of the course, it is hoped, will also ensure that no one single society or civilization is privileged as the centre of intellectual and metaphysical thought. While its possible that some discussion would be situated in modernity, the purpose is to focus on universal themes such as: Truth; Identity; Silence; Myth; Experience. Introduction to neo classical theories of development. Concepts of economic growth, socioeconomic inequality, human capital, quality of life and deprivation; Measures of development- Economic: Life expectancy, child mortality, disease burden and malnutrition, Education indicators: Gini, Atkinson and Simpson index.
Rights based approaches to social deliverables such as education, health, and nutrition. Links between governance and human development, role of state like legislative, judiciary and executive in framing policies, and role of civil societies and media.
Introduction to emergence of structures in Archaeology: Cave shelters, Making of temporary structures, Emergence of habitational structure and Emergence of Religious structures; Emergence and Development of Structural Stupa Architecture: The course aims at emphasizing the division between public and academic perceptions and constructions of citizenship and human rights grounded on an anthropological approach.
These topis will be illustrated in different societies from the viewpoint of disadvantaged people and social groups such as migrants, refugees, exiles, homeless, dispossessed. India will be taken as a reference and the students will be stimulated to carry out fieldwork at the margins of the social structure. Euro and ethnocentrism will be criticized. This course will introduce students to conceptual issues concerning protest history or the history of dissent in India and other parts of the world in the eighteenth, nineteenth and twentieth centuries.
The purpose of the course is to understand the constitutive factors determining different modes of protest. The course will pick and choose from a wide variety of movements such as the French Revolution, the Revolt of , some of the nationalist movements that took place in Europe during this period, the nationalist movements in India led by the Indian National Congress and the numerous peasant and 'tribal' rebellions of the colonial period in India. The course will also discuss other modes of protest which have been equally and perhaps more effective at times than direct action in resisting subjection and bringing about change.
Students will be exposed to conceptual issues such as the socio-political factors determining specific modes of protests, the role of the mob in a movement, the question of 'agency' or autonomy of marginalized groups in interpreting and changing their conditions and so on. The focus of the course may vary from year to year. However the emphasis will be mostly on protests by peasants, forest dwellers, factory workers, migrants and indigenous and colonized peoples.
This class addresses the growing need for international exchanges around culture and the aesthetic dimensions of intercultural engagement. From initial or exploratory self-revealing narratives of the individual, the class moves on into the more formal analysis of various global texts from Aeschylus to the Puranas.
This class is designed to contextualize the personal narratives of students in a pro-active search for an authentic voice mediated by the ancient ground of global narratives. This graduate level course will focus on the competing definitions and paradigms of globalization, drawing from a variety of disciplines including sociology, economics, political science and culture studies.
It will include discussions on global production networks, development debates, role of global governance institutions and global inequalities. In addition, the course will analyze sources, consequences and modalities of transnational migrations and related issues of identity, belonging, citizenship and diaspora, with particular attention to how definitions of gender and sexuality are reproduced, deployed and negotiated in these processes.
Overall, the course is open to myriad forms of economic, social and cultural globalization in our times. This is designed as a foundational course for those intarested in research in the Humanities and Social Sciences.
It is meant to familiarize students with a broad range of methods and analytical tools commonly employed in research in these fields. The course has been divide into two broad componants- Quantitative and Qualitative Methods. In Quantitative Methods, students will be taught how to conduct quantitative studies with a focus on understanting research questions, conceptual models, counterfactual causal theory, confounding, mediation, modaration, measurement scale development study designs, and threats to validity of causal interence.
In the Qualitative segment, the focus will be primarily on Ethnographic and interpretive Methods and Historical Research and Cultural Analyses. In the first part i. In Historical Research and Cultural Analyses, on the other hand, students will be taught some basic conceptual and methodological issues pertaining to the historical discipline. The primary focus will be on themes such as the ways and means of dealing with objects from the past, the manner of conducting archival research, various orders of evidence, the usefulness and methods for studying orality and memory and the cultural significance of objects and images as well as the methods of using these as source materials for historical enquiry.
In this course students will critically read and comment on selected readings from recent scholarship focused on understanding Indian modes of thought and ways of being before the full-fledged entrenchment of British colonialism.
Readings will focus on cultural transformations relating to the production of regional literatures, the interactions of multiple religious traditions, mobility of social groups and the disintegration of centralized modesof governance among others.
Introduction to the research process — initial observation, generating theory, generating and testing hypothesis; Experimental designs — translating a research question into a research design, introduction to some popular methodologies and designs like the factorial design, quasi xperimental design and functional designs; Statistics — how do we know what the data holds; exploring relationships and differences; Ethical concerns — using human participants; deception in psychological testing.
Analysisoffictional texts from the subcontinent with focus on the temporal, geographical, and ideological tropes: This course brings together imaginations in and about India from different regions and eras.
Intended to be an in-depth study of literature as both narrative artifacts as well sociohistorical documents, the course is a detailed study of fiction from languages and regions as varied as Assamese and Malayalam, Bengali and Telugu, Hindi and Tamil. This wide gamut of fiction is available to us in English translation.
The instrutor will collaborate with doctoral students in understanding the texts, the contexts that produce them and also the language politics that surround the translation of these texts. Of the many texts that from a part of this course, some are U. The Stepchild and others. This course will explore representations of Indian society and culture through a variety of Indian English and Bengali texts in translation.
The special emphasis will be on an overlapping and intersecting body of texts written in the two languages. It will engage in critical and analytical thinking, and will examine the different elements that comprise fictional writings.
It will also examine the various styles, trends and critical approaches to literature. This course will introduce students to theoretical perspectives that explain the distribution and determinants of disease in society.
The focus will be on the application of these theories to understand the impact of social determinants of health. History of public health; development of theories of disease distribution; historical and political influences on development of theoretical perspectives; ancient theories of health; traditional epidemiological models; individual-level health behaviour theories and models; social-ecological model; psychosocial theories; social production of disease political economy of health ; ecosocial theory; importance of theory; application of social epidemiological theories to disease distribution; implications for health policy.
This course aims to introduce students to the essential theoretical tools and frameworks used in the social sciences and humanities. This is done by examining key theoretical concepts in understanding society and culture such as: Understanding the modern state: How does modernity impinge upon political structures, social processes, and aesthetics?
This course will cover a whole range of issues from Archaeology to Ethnography of use of stone, ceramic and glass in pre-modern India. This course is going to alert students to the contextual nature of technologies and how different societies respond to different needs within the environmental, material and cultural constraints.
This course will also involve a number of experimental studies and visit to the surviving traditional industries. Evolution of stone tools through time; Stone working: Stone objects grinding stone, beads etc.
Improving key performance indicators of financial and operational performance of a company. Customer satisfaction through ISO standards, regulatory compliance and continuous improvement. What is the purpose of engineering? What is the purpose of democracy?
Portrait of a virtuous engineer: Reorganization of knowledge in Information Age; opportunity for newly independent countries like India; capturing the intellectual vibrancy of Indian freedom struggle; inspiration from the makers of modern India, orienting engineering for Social Minimum.
Overview of the evolution of science and technology in Mesopotamia; ancient Egypt; ancient Greece; ancient China; B Overview of the evolution of science and technology in India from Neolithic to Vedic and Harappan times; in pre-classical times; in the classical or Siddhantic age; in medieval times; Other Indian knowledge systems. Views of Norbert Wiener; a. Evaluation of values in Europe and in India; The origin and evolution of engineering education: Structure of nucleic acids, Transcription, Translation, DNA replication, DNA repair and recombination; Gene expression in bacteria and eukaryotes, regulatory sequences, activators, repressors, regulation of transcription factors, elongation and termination of transcription; Post-transcriptional gene control, Processing of pre-mRNA and regulation, transport of mRNA and degradation.
Fundamentals of recombinant DNA technology, Cloning vectors, Genetic transformation of prokaryotes, PCR technologies, sequencing techniques; Prokaryotic gene expression systems, fusion proteins constructs, Fungus based expression systems, Insect cell expression systems, Mammalian cell expression systems; Directed mutagenesis and protein engineering; Synthesis of commercial products such as small biological molecules, antibiotics and biopolymers by recombinant microorganisms.
Advanced themes that are an integral part of a modern Biological Engineering graduate program will be explored in detail, both in class via lectures and in the laboratory. Importance of cellular communication illustrated using some classic pathways GPCR, Ras-MAPK etc as examples; How signal transduction cascades are affected by disease states various cancers, cardiovascular problems etc ; Drug discovery in the context of signaling pathways wherein knowledge of the players of a specific signaling pathway has helped design drugs Eg: Muscle Physiology structure of skeletal muscles, sliding filament theory of muscle contraction, simple muscle mechanics, force-length and force-velocity relationships 2.
Motor units and electromyography fast and slow motor units, Henneman principle, functional roles of motor units, recording and processing of electromyographic signals 3. Spinal control of movement monosynaptic and polysnaptic reflexes 4. Voluntary control of a single muscle feedforward and feedback control, servo control, servo hypothesis, equilibrium point hypothesis 5.
Voluntary control of single joint movements isotonic movements and isometric contractions, kinematic and EMG profiles of single joint movements, dual-strategy hypothesis 6.
Cortical and subcortical control roles of cerebral cortex, basal ganglia and cerebellum in motor control, activity in these structures before and during movement assessed by means of single cell recordings, neuroanatomical tracing, neuroimaging methods 7. Ascending and Descending Pathways Dorsal column pathway, spinocervical, spintothalamic, spinocerebellar, spinoreticular, pyramidal, rubrospinal, vestibulospinal and reticulospinal tracts 8.
Control and coordination of multijoint movements merging neurophysiology with control, force control hypothesis, generalized motor programs, internal models, equilibrium point control. Vectors in Rn; Vector subspaces of Rn; Basis of vector subspace; Systems of Linear equations; Matrices and Gauss elimination; Determinants and rank of a matrix; Abstract vector spaces, Linear transformations, Matrix of a linear transformation, Change of basis and similarity, Rank-nullity theorem; Inner product spaces, Gram-Schmidt process, Orthonormal bases; Projections and least-squares approximation; Eigenvalues and eigenvectors, Characteristic polynomials, Eigenvalues of special matrices; Multiplicity, Diagonalization, Spectral theorem, Quadratic forms.
Convergence and completeness, Uniform continuity and compactness, Baire category theorem and Ascoli-Arzela theorem, Banach's fixed point theorem and its applications; Normed linear spaces: Finite dimensional normed spaces, Heine-Borel theorem, Riesz lemma; Continuity of linear maps, Hahn-Banach extension theorem; Banach spaces, Dual spaces and transposes; Uniform-boundedness principle and its applications; Spectrum of a bounded operator; Inner product spaces: Hilbert spaces, orthonormal basis, projection theorem and Riesz representation theorem.
Topics in Complex Analysis: Inversion of Laplace transforms. Euler-Lagrange equation, Generalizations of the basic problem. Quotient topology, Identification spaces; The fundamental group: Homotopy of maps, multiplication of paths, the fundamental group, induced homomorphisms, the fundamental group of the circle, covering spaces, lifting theorems, the universal covering space, Seifert-Van Kampen theorem, applications; Simplicial Complexes, Simplicial and Singular homology - Definitions, Properties and Applications.
Module 2, System of Linear Equations: Laboratory Component Each Module consists of a mini project component involving numerical computation and analysis of a concrete problem.
Arithmetical functions and Dirichlet multiplication, big oh notation, Euler's summation formula, average order of some arithmetical functions, summation by parts, Chebyshev's functions, the Prime Number Theorem, Dirichlet characters, Gauss sums, Dirichlet's theorem on primes in arithmetic progressions, Introduction to the theory of the Riemann zeta function, zero-free regions for zeta s.
Review of Linear Algebra: Vector spaces, linear transformations, eigenvalues and eigenvectors, diagonalization; Inner product spaces, Gram-Schmidt orthonormalization, spectral theorem for real symmetric matrices. Homogeneous and nonhomogeneous linear systems; Eigenvalue method. Series solutions of differential equations: Frobenius method, equations of Legendre and Bessel. Fourier series, Fourier integrals and Fourier transforms: Classification of linear second order PDEs in two variables; Modeling: Interpolation and Approximation of functions.
Schur Decomposition QR algorithm. Optimization Methods in multi-dimensions. Conjugate Gradient Method and Preconditioned variants as iterative schemes for sparse linear systems. Computational Lab projects on all serial and parallel computer architectures. A quick review of analysis of several variables, The Alternating Algebra: Multilinear maps, Alternating multilinear maps, Exterior product.
Exterior derivative, Pull-back of forms. Design of mechanical components, sub-systems focusing on a project integrating design and manufacturing in a complete year-long Group Design Projects in Design-Test-Build mode. Intellectial Property Rights and Patenting. Wall bounded and free shear flows. Some insight into current activities for turbulence modeling. Prandtl and Nusselt number correlations; Derivation of differential and integral energy equation.
Thermal boundary layer; Analogy between heat and momentum transfer. Governing equations and non-dimensionalization. Similarity and integral solutions for vertical plate; Free convection for other cases; Mixed convection.
Introduction to boiling and condensation;. Radiative Heat Transfer, Black body radiation. Planck, Wien and Stefan-Boltzmann laws. Irradiation; Heat exchange between two surfaces. Definition, common configurations; Applications in Solar Energy Systems. Wave propagation speed in ideal gas. Stagnation pressure and temperature. Normal Shocks and Rankine-Hugoniot conditions.
Compressible frictionless flow in a convergent-divergent nozzle. Flows in pipes with heat transfer and with friction. Notions of Compressible Boundary Layers. High Resolution Shock Capturing Schemes. Classification of Links and Joints. Kinematic Drawing of Mechanisms. Grashof condition for Fourbar linkages.
Gears and Gear Trains. Belts, Chains and Sprockets. Static and Dynamic Analysis of Mechanisms. A few structured experiments on four bar linkages, QR mechanism, CAMs and Gears plus new experiments and computer modelling in support of the theory and perform group mechanism design projects targeted at Mechanism Design Contests.
Review of linear vibration theory with applications to automotive systems; Role of Vehicle Dynamics and Chassis Systems in passenger cars; Equations of motion for steady state and transient vibration conditions; Vibration models of a typical passenger car; Load distribution, stability on a curved track slope and a banked road, calculation of tractive effort and reactions for different drives; Fundamentals of suspension tires and vehicle handling; Identification of vehicle parameters related to vehicle dynamics and chassis systems; vehicle performance under braking and drive-off or accelerating conditions; Braking performance; Fundamentals of ride and handling; Fundamentals of cornering; Fundamentals of steering systems and rollover fundamentals.
Launch Vehicles and Missiles Guidance: Launch vehicles trajectory dynamics; Ascent Guidance; Re-entry Flight Mechanics; Missile guidance; Lambert guidance; strategic intercepts; zero-effort-miss guidance; cruise missiles. Satellite Orbits and Ground Coverage: Orbital dynamics; Orbit perturbations: Orbital manoeuvres; Earth coverage with remote sensing low-earth and high-earth orbit satellites; imaging from space; space-based radars; lunar and interplanetary flights: Chandrayan and Mars mission.
Spacecraft Attitude Dynamics and Control: Three-axis Spacecraft attitude dynamics; quaternions; multi-body spacecraft with articulated antennas, and solar arrays; reaction wheels, thrusters, magnets, control moment gyros; three-axis large angle manoeuvres; attitude determination techniques and sensors; Flexible spacecraft dynamics and control; spin-stabilized spacecraft control; dual-spin stabilization; bias momentum spacecraft dynamics and control using two momentum wheels, magnets, and thrusters; Reaction jet attitude control and nonlinear controllers; control of spacecraft with liquid propellants: Frames and coordinate transformations; kinematics of attitude parametrization; attitude dynamics; sensors: Kalman filter formulation; gyro calibration; Kalman smoother, filtering and the quest measurement model; mission mode Kalman filter; steady-state solution; gyro and magnetometer calibration; extended Kalman filter approach; illustrations of spacecraft attitude determination and control results.
Introduction to combustion, importance, applications, engineering issues; Laws of thermodynamics, chemical equilibrium, adiabatic flame temperature; Fundamentals of mass transfer, species conservation equation, Stefan problem, droplet vaporization; Gas kinetic theory, elementary and global reactions, reaction mechanisms, reaction rates, steady-state and partial equilibrium approximations; Hydrogen oxidation; Carbon monoxide oxidation; Hydrocarbon oxidation; Basic chemical reactors, constant pressure and constant volume reactors, well-stirred reactor, plug-flow reactor; Mass, momentum, and energy conservation equations; Laminar premixed flames, flame speed, flame thickness, flame speed measurement, ignition, quenching, flammability, flame stabilization; Laminar non-premixed flames, jet flames, counterflow diffusion flames; Droplet vaporization and combustion; Solid particle combustion.
Conservation of mass, momentum and balance of energy in differential and integral forms; Forced convection external flows, boundary layer equations: Review of the governing equations of compressible flow and Thermodynamic concepts. Forms of energy equation for compressible flow. Wave propagation speed in ideal gases. Compressible frictionless flow in a shock tube and variable area ducts based on one-dimensional Euler Equations.
Shock-Expansion Theory for external compressible flow past bodies. Internal compressible flow in constant area and variable area ducts with heat transfer and with friction leading to notions of Rayleigh and Fanno Flows. Compressible Potential Flow Theory. Notions of compressible velocity potential. Development of low-order compressible flow models for high speed flows based on linearized small-disturbance potential flow theory for subsonic, transonic and supersonic flows.
Brief insight into hypersonic flow and rarified gas dynamics concepts. Disturbance behavior in unsteady compressible flow. Shock wave boundary layer interaction. Review of Inertial Navigation and GNSS Global Navigation Satellite Systems , Global Positioning System GPS measurements and error sources, Code phase and pseudorange measurements; carrier phase measurements, Ionospheric and tropospheric delay models; receiver clock error model, User range error, Combining code and carrier measurements — carrier-aided smoothing, Error mitigation: Types of automation, Degree of automation, Technical, economic and human factors in automation, Technologies like Mechanical, Electrical, Hydraulic, etc.
Synthesis and analysis, Optimization techniques, Illustrative examples of the above types of systems used for automation of machine tools, Material Handling devices, products etc. Industrial logic control systems, Logic diagramming, Design of servo systems, Design for automation, Cost-benefit analysis. Open loop and closed loop control, Mathematical model of physical systems, Laplace transformation, Transfer functions, Types of controllers, Stability analysis in feedback controls, Transient response analysis of systems, Frequency response methods, Improving system performance, Discrete-time systems and Z-Transform method.
Introduction to non-linear control systems, Approach to optimal and adaptive control systems, Micro-processor based digital control, State space analysis. Fields and vector spaces, Basis and coordinate transformations, State-space formulation, Realizations, Stability, Observability, Controllability, Model Reduction, State estimation, Pole placement. Background of probability theory, sensor curves, time-series model identification, ERA identification, subspa e identification, nonlinear extensions of identification methods, Kalman filters and other estimators, nonlinear extensions of Kalman filters, consistency and unbiasedness, estimation errors and confidence intervals.
Review of control design concepts for single input single output systems, Extension to multi- input multi-output systems, Design formulations using state-space and frequency domain, Pole placement, Linear Quadratic Control, Design and performance challenges for multi- variable systems, Robust control, Internal Model Control, Stability analysis using Lyapunov; Design of stabilizing controllers using linearization, Feedback linearization, Small gain theorem. Conditioning of air- F.
Aerodynamic Theory and Analysis Tools: A plethora of software tools incorporating classical analytical and modern CFD techniques will be used for problem solving.