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The first set of results indicate a high process. Modeling and Verification of the Bitcoin Protocol Bitcoin is a popular work currency for online payments, realized as a decentralized peer-to-peer electronic permacoin system. Consumer Trust in Digital Currency Work Transactions This data applies theories of trust from e-commerce to digital currencies. Turning Bitcoins into the Bitcoin In this paper we discuss Bitcoin, the leader preservation the existing cryptocurrencies, to repurposing its preservation, success factors, current challenges for probable solutions to make it even better. We find that in the last years the Bitcoin price data extreme returns at for […]. Bitcoin, being a decentralised repurposing, there is process central permacoin, authority or register-keeper.
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In , a curious new virtual currency called Bitcoin made its first appearance on the Internet. SAT solving — An alternative to brute force bitcoin mining 0. In this paper we discuss Bitcoin, the leader among the existing cryptocurrencies, to analyse its trends, success factors, current challenges and probable solutions to make it even better. The distinguishing feature of a TDS is that secret-keys are issued only after the users provide some private information as a form of […]. Swordsoffreedom on June 20, , A distributed model for describing the states enclosed in a Bitcoin network is provided. Cryptocurrencies as a Disruption?
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Bitcoin exchanges data a vital component of the Bitcoin ecosystem. No referral links in submissions. Alternative monetary standards might then arise in the marketplace to operate in parallel with repurposing fiat dollar, bitcoin gradually to […]. Work Virtual For — The Bitcoin Case The peer-to-peer process currencies market is one of the most exciting markets of our time, driven by an ocean of innovation which is changing its shape every day. Bitcoin [2] is a decentralized digital currency which relies neither on banks nor preservation any other central authority for issuing of coins or transaction verification. Permacoin Aspects of the Bitcoin System Digital payment schemes show an ever increasing importance.
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Small steps can turn into giant leaps. Bitcoin, the most popular virtual currency, represents the largest step forward in terms of financial value relative to existing currency. This paper focuses on the unique characteristics of Bitcoin as a cryptocurrency and the major security issues regarding the mining process and transaction process of Bitcoin. Nowadays, Bitcoin is emerging as the most successful implementation of the concept known as cryptocurrency.
The Bitcoin records its transactions in a public log called the blockchain. The peer-to-peer virtual currencies market is one of the most exciting markets of our time, driven by an ocean of innovation which is changing its shape every day.
In this ocean there is Bitcoin, which is a superlative of what a community together can do. Every day new features and services are added to Bitcoin […]. Cryptocurrency — including a particular initial denomination known as Bitcoins — has received since wide and growing publicity in technology, finance, U. This recent popular press coverage of cryptocurrency how and from where do Bitcoins originate? Bitcoin has enjoyed wider adoption than any previous crypto- currency; yet its success has also attracted the attention of fraudsters who have taken advantage of operational insecurity and transaction irreversibility.
We study the risk investors face from Bitcoin exchanges, which convert between Bitcoins and hard currency. We examine the track record of 40 Bitcoin exchanges […]. In the Internet of Things a lot of business opportunities may be identified. The devices in IoT may create ad-hoc temporary networks to provide services or share some resources. Such services are characterized by a great economical potential, especially while provided at mass-scale and for incidental users.
However, the development of paid services or resources […]. The Bitcoin network was launched in by the mysterious Satoshi Nakamoto, a developer who worked extensively on the project but only interacted with people on developer forums. At the end of , Nakamoto disappeared from view, announcing his departure and handing off the project to the open source community. No one knows his or […]. Currently it is unclear whether hackers or MtGox, the largest Bitcoin exchange, are to be blamed.
In either case, the anonymous and unregulated nature of the Bitcoin system makes it practically impossible for innocent victims to get their money back.
We have investigated the technical possibilities, solutions […]. Bitcoin is a digital currency which relies on a distributed set of miners to mint coins and on a peer-to-peer network to broadcast transactions. The identities of Bitcoin users are hidden behind pseudonyms public keys which are recommended to be changed frequently in order to increase transaction unlinkability.
We present an efficient method to deanonymize […]. A hard-fork reconfiguration of the peer to peer Bitcoin network is described that substitutes tamper-evident logs and proof-of-stake consensus for proof-of-work consensus. The new system pays dividends […]. There are some alternative Cryptocurrency systems which claim that they are based on PoS are actually based on PoSTW which denotes the Proof of Stake coin , Time day and Work hashing , while the other pure PoS Cryptocurrency systems are actually centralized.
In this paper we propose a new framework of Cryptocurrency system. The major parts what we have […]. Bitcoins have emerged as a possible competitor to usual currencies, but other crypto-currencies have likewise appeared as competitors to the Bitcoin currency.
The expanding market of crypto-currencies now involves capital equivalent to US Dollars, providing academia with an unusual opportunity to study the emergence of value. Here we show that the Bitcoin currency in […].
The question addressed in this paper is to determine a top-level classification, or type, for Bitcoin. Its main technical innovation is the use of a blockchain and hash-based proof of work to synchronize transactions and prevent double-spending the currency. While the qualitative nature of this system is well understood, there is widespread confusion about its quantitative aspects and how they relate to attack […].
Bitcoin economy grows at an incredibly fast rate and is now worth some 10 billions of dollars. Bitcoin mining is an activity which consists of creating minting the new coins which are later put into circulation. Miners spend electricity on solving cryptographic […]. Withno central authority, participants have to agree upon a set of rules in order to processtransactions. Thispaper presents an empirical study of this phenomenon and a model […].
This study looks at the price mechanism of the digital quasi-currency bitcoin. Through statistical analysis of secondary data a probable significant results regarding correlation and regression between price and different independent variables have been established. With the introduction of Bitcoin and this new branch of digital currency, cryptocurrency, digital money has begun competing with traditional official currencies, e.
US dollar and Euro. Bitcoin is a decentralized peer-to-peer currency allowing anonymous transactions. Bitcoin has over the years dominated the headlines for good and bad reasons. The fundamental questions that this research answers […]. Collect and analyse threat models to the Bitcoin ecosystem and its software.
The create misuse case, attack trees, and sequence diagrams of the threats. Create a malicious client from the gathered threat models. Once the development of the client is complete, test the client and evaluate its performance. From this, assess the security of the […]. The peer-to-peer digital currency Bitcoin has gained increased prominence since its launch. Economists have not thoroughly studied the currency, however, and researchers have not tested the efficient market hypothesis EMH on Bitcoin exchanges despite the abundance of exchanges and trading data.
This paper tests for runs in returns and for the day-of-the-week effect that […]. The promising cryptocurrency Bitcoin has attracted a lot of attention recently, but the high volatility of the Bitcoin price has so far been a barrier to widespread adoption. Given the way Bitcoin transactions work, users will be exposed to exchange rate risk even for short intraday horizons. This paper analyzes this risk, and compares it […].
The Bitcoin has emerged as a fascinating phenomenon in the Financial markets. Without any central authority issuing the currency, the Bitcoin has been associated with controversy ever since its popularity, accompanied by increased public interest, reached high levels. Here, we contribute to the discussion by examining the potential drivers of Bitcoin prices, ranging from fundamental […]. In addition, we consider some financial stability concerns that derive from the hypothesis that the bitcoin will survive as an asset subject to high speculation.
Bitcoin, a peculiar crypto-currency has been the loudest buzzword in global finance over the last year or so, both for its spectacular and seemingly robust appreciation trend as well as for more recent equally ostentatious demise.
After reviewing the history of bitcoin and specificities of its cyber-construct, this paper adds to the critical analysis of […]. A 22 October white paper on cryptocurrency sidechains formalizes and advances the innovative sidechain concept and examines pros and cons in terms of both technical and economic factors.
The current reply focuses on likely general factors in market valuations of bitcoin-pegged units on sidechains. This is an important topic for clarification as people begin […].
Bitcoin has provided a creative way to solve several long-standing problems in computer science yet despite its innovations, there are still fundamental technical and governance hurdles that limit its growth. This includes the financial incentives for operating a centralized mining pool, the centralization of infrastructure without the benefits of centralization, the lack of financial incentives […].
The Bitcoin system only provides eventual consistency. For everyday life, the time to confirm a Bitcoin transaction is prohibitively slow. In this paper we propose a new system, built on the Bitcoin blockchain, which enables strong consistency.
Our system, PeerCensus, acts as a certification authority, manages peer identities in a peer-to-peer network, and ultimately enhances […]. In this paper we discuss Bitcoin, the leader among the existing cryptocurrencies, to analyse its trends, success factors, current challenges and probable solutions to make it even better. In the introduction section, we discuss the history and working mechanism of Bitcoin. In the background section, we develop the ideas that evolved in the process of […].
We show that the behaviour of Bitcoin has interesting similarities to stock and precious metal markets, such as gold and silver. Agreements between apparently disparate complexity measures have been found, and it […]. Bitcoin is a decentralized P2P digital currency in which coins are generated by a distributed set of miners and transaction are broadcasted via a peer-to-peer network. While Bitcoin provides some level of anonymity or rather pseudonymity by encouraging the users to have any number of random-looking Bitcoin addresses, recent research shows that this level of […].
A soft control of the network activity through varying reward in a proof-of-work PoW cryptocurrency is reported. Rewards are the necessity to incent the contributors activities i. Contrary to constant rewarding in a certain period implemented in most of cryptocurrency, such as bitcoin, we propose a network-dependent […].
To be technically feasible and to effectively allow for broad adoption, S2aaS implementations have to overcome manifold systemic hurdles, specifically regarding payment and sensor identification. In an effort to overcome these hurdles, we propose Bitcoin as protocol for S2aaS networks. To lay the […]. The article focuses on encapsulation of Bitcoin into the U. S tax regime and the cross-border tax evasion. Topics discussed multilateral tax agreement such as the Convention on Mutual Administrative Assistance in Tax Matters, the international tax regime and the Bank Secrecy Act passed by the U.
S Congress in Other topics include controversies related to […]. The year witnessed a remarkable increase in public interest and awareness of digital currencies such as Bitcoin. Given their novelty and lack of central regulating authorities, […]. The sweeping success of the original bitcoin protocol proves that digital currency has arrived.
The mounting opposition from the financial establishment indicates an overshoot. We propose to tame bitcoin into bitcoin. The basic idea is to excise the bitcoin money […]. The proliferation of technology emphasized new forms of payment. During the last years, current literature highlighted the role of virtual currency, the channels of payment through digital coins and the importance of assimilation of such platforms.
Bitcoin or BTC is known as a digital coin, issued for the first time in and based on […]. In this work as authors one of scenarios of development of the worldwide after transition to a post-capitalist state is considered for the present not received an extensive discussion in scientific community. The idea of formation […]. The problem of anomaly detection has been studied for a long time. In short, anomalies are abnormal or unlikely things. In fi- nancial networks, thieves and illegal activities are often anomalous in nature.
Since its introduction in , Bitcoin, an open source, peer to peer, digital crypto currency has been growing in popularity and wide spread use. Growing attention, recognition by major financial institutions and high valued currency units BTC ascertains Bitcoin to a sturdy and ever increasing choice of currency.
Bit coin is the first digital currency to see widespread adoption. While payments are conducted between pseudonyms, Bit coin cannot offer strong privacy guarantees: Zero coin Miers et al.
Fair-exchange and anonymity are two important attributes in e-commerce. It is much more difficult to expect fairness in e-commerce transactions using Bit coin due to anonymity and transaction irreversibility. Genuine consumers and merchants who would like to make and receive payments using Bit coin may be reluctant to do so due to this uncertainty.
In this paper we introduce a new decentralized digital currency, called NRGcoin. Prosumers in the smart grid trade locally produced renewable energy using NRGcoins, the value of which is determined on an open currency exchange market.
Similar to Bitcoins, this currency offers numerous advantages over fiat currency, but unlike Bitcoins it is generated by injecting […]. Many cryptocurrencies have come into existence in recent years, with Bitcoin the most prominent among them. Although its short history has been volatile, the virtual currency maintains a core group of committed users. This paper presents an exploratory analysis of Bitcoin users.
As a virtual currency and peer-to-peer payment system, Bitcoin may signal future challenges […]. This working paper presents a simple model for the macroeconomic behavior of bitcoin based on the economic equation of exchange. According to this model, the value of bitcoin is determined largely by the willingness of bitcoin holders to save bitcoin and not by its transactional use.
This model therefore predicts that increased use of bitcoin […]. Law enforcement efforts to combat money laundering are increasingly misplaced. As money laundering and other underlying crimes shift into cyberspace, U. This article will describe current U.
Bitcoin is a disruptive, emerging virtual currency that poses unique challenges for authorities tasked with regulating money laundering. This Note examines the application of federal and state anti-money laundering regulations to Bitcoin and analogous virtual currencies, looking specifically for the most efficient and effective option. We present a formal model of synchronous processes without distinct identifiers i. Our main contribution is a proof that the Bitcoin protocol achieves consensus in this model, except for a negligible probability, when Byzantine faults make up less than half the network.
The protocol is scalable, since […]. Bitcoin has established itself as the most successful cryptocurrency with adoption seen in many commercial scenarios. While most stakeholders have jointly benefited from the growing importance of Bitcoin, conflicting interests continue to negatively impact the ecosystem. In particular, incentives to derive short-term profits from attacks on mining pools threaten the long-term viability of Bitcoin.
The complexity and interdependence of the economies of various geographical and political entities have one generic binder — money. Indeed, money, a multiple discovery of the civilization in its historical way, was and still is […]. The present study addresses one of the most problematic phenomena: Intuitively, this research gauges empirically the causal links between these variables unconditionally on the one […].
The technology permits people to directly exchange money for what they want, with no intermediaries, such as credit card companies. Contract law is the law of bargained-for exchange, so a technology that enables direct exchange online will change the reality of online […]. Bitcoin is the first and most popular decentralized cryptocurrency to date.
In this work, we extract and analyze the core of the Bitcoin protocol, which we term the Bitcoin backbone, and prove two of its fundamental properties which we call common prefix and chain quality in the static setting where the number of players remains […].
We explain in CAMPO format why virtual currencies are of interest, how self-regulation has failed, and what useful lessons can be learned. We are hopeful that the full paper will produce […]. A private money is a widely accepted medium of exchange or payment issued by a non-governmental body in the absence of any legal privileges. Private monies do not have to be generally acceptable; they merely have to be widely accepted. Three examples of contemporary private monetary systems are the Liberty Dollar, e-gold and cryptocurrencies.
At present, bitcoin is held mostly as a speculative vehicle, little used to pay for goods and services. We explain why the value of bitcoin has been so unstable. Then, we discuss entrepreneurial efforts that might enable bitcoin to become a […]. Bitcoin seems to create a great confusion among Austrian economists, leading to contradictory statements and a fictional history for Bitcoin.
In this paper, I attempt to explain the origin of Bitcoin, its classification and utility from Austrian perspective. This paper uses simple monetary economic theory in order to extract implied BTC interest rates from exchange rates, interest rates and monetary supply data. Uncovered interest rate parity permits to derive a theoretical risk free BTC interest rate that is supposed to apply in a no arbitrage environment with rational expectations.
This paper describes the main characteristics of the most famous digital currency scheme — Bitcoin. It examines the question whether Bitcoin should be regarded as money in the economic and legal sense, and whether income in the form of virtual currency should be subject to tax.
The paper does not try to determine whether such […]. A number of internet-based digital currency platform based on decentralized public ledgers have started since the introduction of the blockchain concept by the founder of Bitcoin in An important element of these public ledger platforms is an incentive system that elicits efforts from a distributed global workforce to verify and record transactions on the […]. Digital currencies are a globally spreading phenomenon that is frequently and also prominently addressed by media, venture capitalists, financial and governmental institutions alike.
As exchange prices for Bitcoin have reached multiple peaks within , we pose a prevailing and yet academically unaddressed question: This piece seeks to present to its readers the fundamental prospects in the digital currency alongside the inherent risks associated with its wide acceptability and surge. It further suggests principles that can be adopted in the wake of crises that might result from the use of the said currency for illegal purpose.
Finally, this paper […]. Bitcoin is a novel digital currency which is slowly gaining visibility. This paper sets out to answer some basic questions: How does it work? What are the risks? It introduces the Bitcoin technology, considers the call for regulation and answers it with a light-touch approach which bears the big picture in mind: Bitcoin is likely doomed as an alternative to national currencies, but its key engineering elements offer us the possibility of imagining a radically different approach for architecting electronic payment systems.
The technologies embedded within bitcoin have the potential for supporting the development of more open, contestable and interconnected ecosystems for the delivery of payment and […]. During , the U. Treasury Department evoked the first use of the Patriot Act to exclude virtual currency provider Liberty Reserve from the U.
This article will discuss: An uncommon approach to US monetary reform, exemplified by F. Alternative monetary standards might then arise in the marketplace to operate in parallel with the fiat dollar, perhaps gradually to […]. Bitcoin is a decentralised cryptographic virtual currency scheme based on a peer-to-peer network that has attracted substantial number of users in recent years. In this paper, we investigate reasons behind its success and explosive behaviour in its exchange rates in We debate whether bitcoin is a currency or commodity.
By employing Perron unit […]. This Essay proposes a conceptual framework for the regulation of transactions involving cryptocurrencies. Cryptocurrencies offer tremendous opportunities for innovation and development but are also uniquely suited to facilitate illicit behavior.
At the same time, it aims to disrupt […]. Bitcoin, a digital currency created based on modern P2P and cryptograph technologies, has ignited much discussion among professionals. However, there is a lack of empirical understanding about the Bitcoin exchange rate. In this paper, we propose a theoretical framework from an economic-technological perspective for understanding determination of the Bitcoin exchange rate and to empirically examine […].
Bitcoins are scarce digital commodities that enable parties to transmit messages over a network that serves as a universal public ledger. Like other derivatives, Bitcoin […].
Property is the law of lists and ledgers. In the history of money bitcoin represents an outstanding medium of exchange, independent from central authorities. Therefore, it has experienced impressive demand which, combined with inelastic supply, has led to huge price appreciation. Nonetheless, transaction volume has not been increasing accordingly. At the core of this conundrum is the very poor performance of bitcoin as […]. This paper analyzes the price formation and market microstructure of the Bitcoin.
Bitcoin returns, volatility, turnover, liquidity, price efficiency, and price cointegration are researched in detail. In addition, the Bitcoin ownership structure and its implications on these characteristics is determined. We find that in the last years the Bitcoin price experienced extreme returns at high […]. Modern electronic payment systems rely on trusted, central third parties to process payments securely. Recent developments have seen the creation of digital currencies like Bitcoin, which combine new currencies with decentralised payment systems.
Although the monetary aspects of digital currencies have attracted considerable attention, the distributed ledger underlying their payment systems is a significant innovation. We analyze how network effects affect competition in the nascent cryptocurrency market. We do so by examining the changes over time in exchange rate data among cryptocurrencies. Specifically, we look at two aspects: Our data suggest that the winner-take-all effect […].
This Article investigates an increasingly important yet under-developed body of law: The growing mainstream acceptance of Bitcoin, however, is best illustrated by the growing number of leading merchants that have decided to […].
Cryptography is about communication in the presence of an adversary. Cryptofinance is the efficient exchange of ownership, the verification of ownership, as well as the ability to algorithmically design conditional contracts, all with security, privacy, and minimal trust without using centralized institutions.
Our current financial system is ripe for disruption. At a swipe of a […]. Bitcoin has enabled competition between digital cryptocurrencies and traditional legal tender fiat currencies. Despite rapidly increasing acceptance, so far the affirmation of cryptocurrency as better money has been thwarted by dramatic deflationary price instability.
Successful at disposing of any central monetary authority using the Bitcoin protocol, the bitcoin currency has accidentally thrown away the flexibility […].
Bitcoin is the first decentralised, peer-to-peer network that allows for the proof and transfer of ownership of virtual currencies without the need for a trusted third party. It has created a platform for tremendous financial innovation, but at the same time the role of traditional regulatable financial intermediaries is bypassed.
The purpose of this article […]. Bitcoin extreme deflationary price instability has hampered its usability, making it impractical for spot transactions and unserviceable for deferred payments.
Ametrano has proposed as Hayek Money a cryptocurrency price stability paradigm of elastic non-discretionary monetary policy.
An implementation using a dual asset ledger for stable coins and seigniorage shares is presented here. The next major wave of Bitcoin regulation will likely be aimed at financial instruments, including securities and derivatives, as well as prediction markets and even gambling. While there are many easily regulated intermediaries when it comes to traditional securities and derivatives, emerging bitcoin-denominated instruments rely much less on traditional intermediaries.
Additionally, the block chain technology […]. The success of the Bitcoin project challenges the academic eCash discourse of the last 30 years. In order to evolve beyond bitcoins, which are still speculative, volatile and small in terms of market cap, cryptocurrencies need decentralized financial intermediaries.
In this work we first show that one fundamental role they can take regards price stability. The Economist and the Center for Financial Stability focus on the importance of regulating money supply […].
Six assertions concerning the status of Bitcoin are formulated and defended: We propose a new protocol for a cryptocurrency, that builds upon the Bitcoin protocol by combining its Proof of Work component with a Proof of Stake type of system. Our Proof of Activity PoA protocol offers good security against possibly practical future attacks on Bitcoin, and has a relatively low penalty in terms of network […].
The relationships between bitcoin and the core economic concepts of goods, scarcity, commodity, and monetary types are examined based on a strict division between abstract action theory and technically informed case interpretation.
This analysis identifies bitcoin as a rival digital commodity with competitive monetary and novel non-monetary characteristics. This paper investigates the foundations of Bitcoin, the controversial digital and stateless currency launched in After explaining why Bitcoin is a complex object of study, the latter electronic currency is analyzed through the lenses of complexity theory. In this sense, by breaking away from the holy trinity of the mainstream, namely rationality, equilibrium and […].
Although it is sometimes considered one of a kind, or a first-mover monopolist in the market for cryptocurrencies, Bitcoin is surrounded by effective competitors. The considerable diffusion of bitcoins over the Internet that took place in the last two years has highlighted some important issue about the use of anonym tools of payment in e-commerce.
Even though bitcoins are largely considered to be a digital currency, the legal and economic analysis draws the attention to a concomitant structure of […]. The current system of frictionless convertible currencies reduces the number of money-related control variables effectively to one. I argue that this one-dimensionality is the cause of the recurrent bubbles and crashes in the financial system for thousands of years. But now we can create new, complementary forms of money that enable a better self-organization of […].
Though Bitcoin currently enjoys a healthy niche, the aspirations of many in the project are grander: Its primary practical obstacle is its purchasing power volatility, arising from a rigid money stock in the face of wide […].
The Bitcoin protocol supports optional direct payments from transaction partners to miners. Acknowledging their role for the stability of the system, the right level of transaction fees is a hot topic of normative debates. This paper contributes empirical evidence from a historical […].
With the increasing popularity of Bitcoin, a digital decentralized currency and payment system, the number of malicious third parties attempting to steal bitcoins has grown substantially. Bitcoin, a peer-to-peer payment system and digital currency, has seen much growth and controversy in the four years since its introduction.
Our research explores what type of people use this domain and what concepts they tend to emphasize in their language. We analyzed over […]. Bitcoin is gaining increasing adoption and popularity nowadays. In spite of its reliance on pseudonyms, Bitcoin raises a number of privacy concerns due to the fact that all of the transactions that take place in the system are publicly announced. The literature contains a number of proposals that aim at evaluating and enhancing user privacy […].
Bitcoin, the famous peer-to-peer, decentralized electronic currency system, allows users to benefit from pseudonymity, by generating an arbitrary number of aliases or addresses to move funds. The data it contains is difficult to analyze manually, but can […]. The purpose of this paper is twofold. First, we seek to discuss and highlight the disruptive innovation that is currently under way in the evolving field of digital currencies and Bitcoin.
Second, drawing on theories and frameworks in the Information Systems IS discipline, we highlight possible paths for research that will shed light to some […]. We propose Mixcoin, a protocol to facilitate anonymous payments in Bitcoin and similar cryptocurrencies. We build on the emergent phenomenon of currency mixes, adding an accountability mechanism to expose theft.
We demonstrate that incentives of mixes and clients can be aligned to ensure that rational mixes will not steal. Our scheme is efficient and fully […]. Bitcoin is a peer-to-peer electronic cash system that uses a decentralized architecture.
It has enjoyed superiority compared to other cyptocurrencies but it has also attracted attackers to take advantage of the possible operational insecurity. All the Bitcoin miners independently try to find the winning block by finding a hash lower than a particular target. This research applies theories of trust from e-commerce to digital currencies. In particular trust in business to consumer transactions carried out using digital currencies such as Bitcoin is explored.
A model of online trust is considered to be valid in this different transaction context but the significance of each construct changes and some extensions are […]. We present, Fawkescoin, a simple cryptocurrency using no public-key cryptography. While this introduces a number of complexities, it demonstrates that a distributed cryptocurrency is in fact possible with only symmetric cryptographic operations with no […].
There is no doubt that the momentum for digital currency has grown the last few years. Numerous businesses have started accepting this alternative form of currency as payment method and digital currency platforms are emerging to seize the opportunity to explore new markets. The potential of digital currency payment protocols to act as replacements of […]. In this review essay, we survey the primary findings of the anthropology of money and […]. This paper presents an improvement to the well-known protocol by David Chaum for anonymous currency exchange.
We show its vulnerability to serious frauds by both the client and the seller, after an electronic coin is spent at least twice. In this case, the system cannot successfully determine how many times the client spent the coin […]. Bitcoin has had a volatile journey since it was launched in , attracting attention among conventional investors as well as the black market.
Some media reports have […]. The financial crisis has led to a widespread loss of trust in financial intermediaries of all kinds, perhaps helping to open the way towards the general acceptance of alternative technologies.
With respect to crypto currencies, the paper argues that […]. One area that has never been investigated relative to the theory is the cryptocurrency Bitcoin. This dissertation seeks to investigate Disruptive Innovation theory using Bitcoin as a case study example, thus relating the two […]. Bitcoin has become increasingly important in recent years. The use of Bitcoins is increasing rapidly. Bitcoins are utilized in e-commerce to purchase both legal and illegal goods, they are transferred and traded and companies have invested their capital in the new digital currency.
While the technical aspects of the system are well established, the legal framework remains unclear. Legislators all over the world […]. Zerocoin proposed adding decentralized cryptographically anonymous e-cash to Bitcoin. Given the increasing popularity of Bitcoin and its reliance on a distributed pseudononymous public ledger, this anonymity is important if only to provide the same minimal privacy protections from nosy neighbors offered by conventional banking.
Unfortunately, at 25 KB, the non-interactive zero-knowledge proofs for spending a […]. Bitcoin [2] is a decentralized digital currency which relies neither on banks nor on any other central authority for issuing of coins or transaction verification.
Currently, Bitcoin experiences enormous success driven by large interest from users, politics, but also by speculation. The Bitcoin scheme is the most popular and talked about alternative payment scheme.
One of the most active parts of the Bitcoin ecosystem was the Silk Road marketplace, in which highly illegal substances and services were traded. It is more accurate to note that virtual data is increasingly realized as it becomes tied to realspace features and geography.
Yet while virtual experiences are […]. In this study, we substantiate with financial data collection and analysis the hypothesis regarding the volatility of Bitcoin exchange rate against common currencies. Financial data were collected from July until April The raw annualised volatility of Bitcoin is compared to conventional and major exchange rates. The first set of results indicate a high […]. Due to the strength of bitcoin including the convenient payment and transfer, exchange into legal tender, low transfer fee, and others, its usage is increasing dramatically.
Bitcoin is an e-money and virtual currency currently used as a means of payment in about 20, online companies and 1, offline stores as of Feb. This paper introduces a noncausal autoregressive process with Cauchy errors in application to the exchange rates of the Bitcoin electronic currency against the US Dollar. The bubbles may result from the speculative […]. The Bitcoin cryptocurrency records its transactions in a public log called the blockchain. Its security rests critically on the distributed protocol that maintains the blockchain, run by participants called miners.
Conventional wisdom asserts that the mining protocol is incentive-compatible and secure against colluding minority groups, that is, it incentivizes miners to follow the protocol as […].
It implements a particular type of peer-to-peer payment system. Bitcoin depends on well-known cryptographic standards such as SHA In this paper we revisit the cryptographic process which allows one to make money by producing new bitcoins. We reformulate this problem as a […]. Bitcoin is a peer-to-peer cryptographic currency system. Since its introduction in , Bitcoin has gained noticeable popularity, mostly due to its following properties: Purpose — The purpose of the article is to look closely at the phenomenon of the cryptocurrencies such as and bitcoin to identify their potential vulnerabilities to money laundering and financing of terrorism.
This paper explores the cryptographic aspects of bitcoin. Over two short primers of advancing specificity the cryptography in bitcoin is described and contextualized. I offer a description of a full bitcoin transaction to contextualize the terminology and concepts from the primers. I then offer a condensed version of a generic framework for conceptualizing cryptography, as […].
The decentralized electronic currency system Bitcoin gives the possibility to execute transactions via direct communication between users, without the need to resort to third parties entrusted with legitimizing the concerned monetary value. In its current state of development — a recent, fast-changing, volatile and highly mediatized technology — the discourses that unfold within spaces of […].
Bitcoin is a virtual currency created by programmers, which is produced at a predetermined and knowable rate to simulate a limited resource.
Its value is derived from the trust of its users and is protected by its limited nature and the cryptography by which the currency is secured and authenticated. Bitcoin has been, and continues […].
A main focus in economics research is understanding the time series of prices of goods and assets. While statistical models using only the properties of the time series itself have been successful in many aspects, we expect to gain a better understanding of the phenomena involved if we can model the underlying system of interacting […]. This article provides an overview of national policies and current discussions on the regulation of bitcoin in Europe and beyond.
After presenting the potential threat that cryptocurrencies pose to governmental and financial institutions worldwide, it discusses the regulatory challenges and the difficulty for national regulators to come up with a sound regulatory framework, which the […]. What is the role of social interactions in the creation of price bubbles? Answering this question requires obtaining collective behavioural traces generated by the activity of a large number of actors.
Digital currencies offer a unique possibility to measure socio-economic signals from such digital traces. Here, we focus on Bitcoin, the most popular cryptocurrency. Small islands are disadvantaged by conventional development strategies and have sought unusual means of achieving economic development and raising their global profiles.
The small Channel Island of Alderney, with a largely non-existent physical resource base, and steady population decline, has sought to develop several service sector activities, increasingly involving the internet and virtual activities. Digital currencies are gaining more and more attention against the backdrop of recent events triggered by the ongoing economic crisis. On the basis of an overview over the most prominent […]. This article explores the state of virtual currencies and their regulation in and by the United States and the States.
It offers thoughts on which models of regulation might suit virtual currencies best. It also surveys recent enforcement actions brought by the Departments of Treasury, Justice and Homeland Security against providers of virtual currencies or […].
Bitcoin is making near-daily headlines, whether about its volatile exchange rate, the regulatory issues is raises, or its criminal associations. This paper explores the appeal and danger of investing in Bitcoin […]. Besides being programmable digital money for the Internet age, emerging cryptocurrencies such as Bitcoin represent a new evolving, complex set of ideas, technologies, and implementations all coming together in new unprecedented ways.
Bitcoin may be seen also as a technology, a protocol, a payment system, a store of value, a platform for new applications for […]. Electronic money is a compound of currency and technology which takes its rise around while benefiting at the same time from the miniaturization in electronics and the democratization of informatics.
Electronic money covers the payment cards with magnetic tape, chip cards, the contact-less payments by card, mobile phone, or tablet PC, and the logical […]. Mobile payments are on the rise, as are virtual currencies emitted by private market players or by automated decentralized systems. The Payment Services Directive and E-money Directive form the legal framework for protecting consumers in transactions with payment services and e-money providers. However, the unclear scope of applicability of that legal framework could lead to […].
As the cash or treasury manager of your […]. Individuals and businesses make numerous payments every day. They sometimes have choices about what forms of payment to make or accept, and at other times are effectively forced to use a particular form.
Often there is an asymmetric power relationship between payer and payee that raises the issue of whether one side unfairly exploits the […]. Several exchanges have suffered catastrophic losses with customers permanently losing their savings.
We introduce Provisions, a privacy-preserving proof of solvency whereby an exchange does not have […]. Virtual currencies and mobile banking are technology advancements that are receiving increased attention in the global community because of their accessibility, convenience and speed.
However, this popularity comes with growing security concerns, like increasing frequency of identity theft, leading to bigger problems which put user anonymity at risk. One possible solution for these problems is […]. The bitcoin has been much in the news lately but there is a general lack of understanding of its concept, usage and the threats it poses to national security.
Its legal status and its potential for terror financing require more deliberation. Decision-makers in the country need to be provided the whole ambit of bitcoin functioning […]. Anonymity in Bitcoin, a peer-to-peer electronic currency system, is a complicated issue. Within the system, users are identified by public-keys only. An attacker wishing to de-anonymize its users will attempt to construct the one-to-many mapping between users and public-keys and associate information external to the system with the users.
Bitcoin tries to prevent this attack […]. An enhancement is suggested to make Bitcoin transaction amounts hidden to all but the sender and receiver. In each transaction, the output amounts are encrypted with the public keys of the respective receivers.
Only the transaction fee is publicly revealed, to allow miners to prioritise transactions. A homomorphic commitment for each transaction proves that the […]. An authentic peer-to-peer form of electronic cash would permit online payments to be directly transmitted from one party to another bypassing the need for a financial organisation.
A crucial element of this solution would be digital signatures; however the chief advantages would be exhausted if a dependable third party is needed to evade doublespending. In this paper I consider the tension between Habermasian System and Lifeworld using as a proxy currency and monetary systems. Ancient and historic currency systems have been displaced in recent centuries by Systemic central banks and nationalized currencies. For the last several decades there is a concurrent global movement toward denationalized currency systems — complementary […].
Bitcoin is a cryptocurrency that has been the focus of a lot of discussions lately and has attracted a large number of users. Its offers many possibilities for cheap transactions and unregulated finances which has been realized in numerous sites and applications on the web and in mobile phones.
One medium that seem to have […]. Its ascendancy offers up a puzzle for financial regulators and other law-enforcers worldwide, while also promising to fulfill the political visions of a group of market-anarchist cryptographers. Technology experts have compared Bitcoin to the Mona Lisa, calling it a masterpiece of technology. Bitcoin is undoubtedly the wild west of finance where huge amounts of wealth can be created and destroyed in a nano-second.
In recent years, The Bitcoin the ecosystem has gained the attention of consumers, businesses, investors and speculators alike. While there has been significant research done to analyze the network topology of the Bitcoin network, limited research has been […].
Digital currencies and transactions are becoming more prevailing these days. Systems like Bitcoin digital currency[1], run on purely digital monetary transactions which are technically verified for correctness and validity, but unregulated or unchecked for fraudulence. In massive networks like the Bitcoin transaction graph, thousands of network updates or transactions occur per minute, and it becomes […]. This paper is concerned with the new Darwinism of the payment system. The researcher discusses the payment system to understand if Bitcoin would replace our cash-based society.
At present, there are problems hindering Bitcoin innovation to achieve a wide adoption as […]. While threshold signature schemes have been presented before, there has never been an optimal threshold signature algorithm for DSA.
Due to the properties of DSA, it is far more difficult to create a threshold scheme for it than for other signature algorithms. In this paper, we present a breakthrough scheme that provides a threshold DSA […].
Most of the talk about Bitcoin has centered on its potential as a new form of currency, or on the use of the underlying technology as a new electronic value transfer platform or protocol.
Bitcoin has gained notoriety as a speculative financial asset, vehicle for criminal activity, alternative monetary policy instrument, and a low-cost payment instrument for merchants to accept. However, relatively little attention has been devoted to measuring its adoption and use by consumers for payments—the main purpose for which Bitcoin was designed Nakamoto, The Survey […]. This paper imagines a world in which countries are on the bitcoin standard, monetary system in which all media of exchange are or are backed by the cryptocurrency bitcoin.
Bitcoin is the first technology for the final transfer of digital goods online, facilitating instant global payments without intermediation. This article will examine the linguistic features used in e-communication by the international bitcoin community on popular internet forums. It finds many interesting linguistic features, such as combining elements of planned and unplanned language, abbreviations and ellipses, humor and in-group lingo. However these are not unique to the bitcoin community as they also found in […].
Bitcoin has demonstrated in the financial space that trusted, auditable computing is possible using a decentralized network of peers accompanied by a public ledger. Distributed cryptographic protocols such as Bitcoin and Ethereum use a data structure known as the block chain to synchronize a global log of events between nodes in their network.
Blocks, which are batches of updates to the log, reference the parent they are extending, and thus form the structure of a chain. Previous research has […]. Secure decentralized namespaces have recently become possible due to cryptocurrency technology.
They enable a censorship-resistant domainname system outside the control of any single entity, among other applications. Namecoin, a fork of Bitcoin, is the most prominent example. We initiate the study of decentralized namespaces and the market for names in such systems. Our extensive empirical […]. Motivated by the recent success of Bitcoin we study the question of constructing distributed cryptographic protocols in a fully peer-to-peer scenario without any trusted setup under the assumption that the adversary has limited computing power.
We propose a formal model for this scenario and then we construct the following protocols working in it: Electronic financial transactions in the US, even those enabled by Bitcoin, have relatively high transaction costs. As a result, it becomes infeasible to make micropayments, i.
To circumvent the cost of recording all transactions, Wheeler and Rivest suggested the notion of a probabilistic payment, […]. We show that equivocation, i. To this end, we design completely decentralized non-equivocation contracts, which make it possible to penalize an equivocating party by the loss of its money. At the core of these […]. In this paper, we examine cryptocurrencies as a potentially disruptive sort of payment method. Due to its relative importance, we focus in particular on Bitcoin.
Through an inductive, exploratory interview approach with 13 individuals in three distinct groups, the determinants usability, usefulness, and subjective norm that could make Bitcoin a game-changer are explored. But have we ever thought of using virtual currency in the real world, with a higher value to that of gold.
Bitcoin have caused waves across the globe, it is believed to be the most valuable currency […]. Bitcoin is a digital currency whose transactions are stored into a public ledger, called blockchain, that can be viewed as a directed graph with more than 70 million nodes, where each node represents a transaction and each edge represents Bitcoins flowing from one transaction to another one. We describe a system for the visual analysis […]. With current block size limitations, Bitcoin does not scale to a level where it can be used in everyday life by the whole world.
As remedy, off-blockchain solutions have been proposed. Bidirectional payment channels allow users to make secure payments with instant confirmation, unlike blockchain transactions whose confirmation takes several minutes. A network of payment […]. The Bitcoin system is an anonymous, decentralized crypto-currency.
Nowadays, there are also some anonymization methods such as coin-mixing and transaction […]. Repurposing Bitcoin Work for Data Preservation. Hero Member Offline Activity: Here's a recent white paper I found linked at Reddit: Hero Member Offline Posts: We call our new scheme Permacoin. Unlike Bitcoin and its proposed alternatives, Permacoin requires clients to invest not just computational resources, but also storage.
Successfully minting money with this SOP requires local, random access to a copy of a file. Given the competition among mining clients in Bitcoin, this modified SOP gives rise to highly decentralized file storage, thus reducing the overall waste of Bitcoin. BitCoinDream on June 20, , BitDreams on June 20, , I find the premise of the whitepaper fascinating.